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The Power Of History – The History Of Power. Volume 11. Issue 6. № 64. 2025

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PHILOLOGICAL SCIENCES, LINGUISTICS
  
Dolgenko A.N., Murashko S.F., Rudakova S.V. Political correctness in the english language: between inclusivity and freedom of speech
14
Zyablova O.A. The system-forming features of special subsystems of the language and their correlation
28
Pavlova E.K. Citation of ancient Chinese texts in contemporary Chinese political discourse as a demonstration of historical continuity of power
37
Lysikova I.V., Itin D.A. The football metaphor as a reflector of political tension in the modern world
47
Shamuradova Gazina National and cultural features of the epic “gerogly” and linguo-cultural aspects of its translation into Russian and English
58
Ermolova K.A. Lexical compatibility of the noun “performance”
67 
 
HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND GENERAL HISTORY
  
Shavlokhova E.S., Koshokova S.Y., Charkazyan P.S., Berezhnov I.R. The evolution of the image of the “external enemy” in soviet propaganda of the 1920s-1930s: ideological and international aspects
 78
Borisova-Lebedeva M.Y. Cultural and educational projects of the St. Petersburg/Petrograd Society of Fine Arts (geographical aspect)
 93
Borisochkin S.B. The British military mission in the Arctic: The beginning of cooperation in the Northern Theater of Military operations
 104
Buzanova N.A., Shcherbinina Yu.V., Khabarovsk E.I. Administrative functions of zemstvo district chiefs under the counter-reform of Alexander III
 119
Goltsov A.N., Dediu E.I. Aerial Propaganda of the First World War: the emergence of an instrument of influence in a legal vacuum
 129
Evloeva L.M., Evloeva F.R., Kulbuzheva T.A. Transformation of gender roles of ingush men in modern society
 140
Kruchinskii D.A. Cultural leisure of children as a tool of education and an important part of the formation of the lifestyle of the population of the village of Lenino in the city of Irkutsk in the second half of the 20th century
 149
Mikulenok A.A. Digitalization of archives in Russia and abroad: general and special function
 155
Moiseeva T.A., Moiseev A.N. Individual aspects of becoming ChON of the Mari region
 162
Myakotin A.A. Documentary communication between government and society (on the example of the public reception of deputy A.E. Khinshtein)
 170
Torunov V.A. Discussions on the legal status of peasants in the works of local committees of the special conference on the needs of the agricultural industry (using the example of the Samara, Siberian and Saratov provinces)
 180
Osuji K.Ch., Khokhlysheva O.O. The extractive imperative: a comparative analysis of colonial economic policies and their continuing legacies in Nigeria, Senegal, and Angola
  189
 
ACTUAL QUESTIONS OF HISTORICAL SCIENCES
  
Orlov E.I. The tactical alliance against Versailles: Soviet-German cooperation in 1920-1933
 204
Goltsov A.N., Dediu E.I. Features of the formation of protectionist mechanisms in the British financial system during the economic crisis of 1929
 215
Ndongo Nlate Jean Martial Geopolitical changes: the US and Russia after Trump’s election – a path to cooperation or increased competition?
 224
Ansari Ramzi Ismail Mahmoud Spatio-temporal analysis of infrastructure development and demographic changes in the West Bank territories (2000-2024): a cartographic study
 233
Demidov A.V. Russia and the Baltic States: a historical retrospective. Part One: Russia and the Baltic peoples in the middle ages
 240
Kun Weiran A study of oral history of mixed Chinese-Russian families from a microhistorical perspective
 246
Milandu Bretnel C.R. SADC and the 2011 elections in Democratic Republic of the Congo. Is this a sign that society’s commitment to democracy is waning?
 260
Ngoye S.T. The military cooperation between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Angola: legacies of the Cold War and new directions
 280
Ndongo Nlate Jean Martial The influence of oil and mineral resources on foreign policy: examining Cameroon’s international relations and investment attraction
 289
Eyamba A.E. Human trafficking and the exploitation of women and children in Nigeria: socioeconomic drivers and prevention strategies
 296
Semenova S.A. Formation and development of a network of automobile winter shelters in the arctic regions of Yakutia: a history of the issue
 314
Filippovskaia L.V. Higher education science in Kyrgyzstan in the post-Soviet period: political and economic prerequisites for transformation (1991–2000)
 324
 
Abstracts
 
344
Authors
358
 

  

EDITORIAL BOARD
Deputy. Chief Editor and Project Manager: 
Ternovaya L.O., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Moscow Automobile and Road Construction University.
Rybakov S.V., Doctor of historical sciences, Associate Professor of the history of Russian Ural Federal University.
 
Mikhailov V.A., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation, Head of the Department of National and Federal Relations of the Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation.
Dolgenko A.N., Doctor of Philology. Head of the Department of Russian and Foreign Languages at the Moscow Academy of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation.
Kovaleva N.A., Doctor of Philology, Associate Professor. Professor of the Department of Russian Language and Literature of the Institute of Foreign Languages of Nanjing University (PRC).
Nenarokova M.R., Doctor of Philology, Professor of the Department of Theory and Practice of Foreign Languages, Institute of Foreign Languages, RUDN University, Leading Researcher, Department of Classical Literature of the West and Comparative Literature. Institute of World Literature RAN. Interpreter/Translator.
Nagornova E.V., PhD in Philology, Associate Professor of the Department of Theory and Practice of Foreign Languages at the Institute of Foreign Languages of the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia.
Nikashina N.V., PhD in Philology, Associate Professor of the Department of Theory and Practice of Foreign Languages, Institute of Foreign Languages, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia.
Klimenko D.A., Candidate of Philology, specialist in Italy.
Murashko S.F., Candidate of Psychological Sciences, Professor of the Department of Russian and Foreign Languages. Moscow Academy of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation.
Ternovaya L.O., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor MADI (The Moscow Automobile and Road Construction University).
Ivakin G.A., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Expert. Deputy Director of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Psychological Institute of the Russian Academy of Education".
Naumova G.R., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor of Lomonosov Moscow State University.
Nikonov A.V., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, State Councellor of the 1st class, the Lomonosov Moscow State University.
Nechiporenko V.S., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration.
Ponomarenko B.T., Honoured worker of higher education, Professor of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration.
Letunovsky P.V., Doctor of Political Sciences, Candidate of Historical Sciences, head of the department of Humanitarian, Social and Economic Disciplines of the Russian Federation Armed Forces Army Air Defense Military Academy named after the Marshal of the A.M. Vassilevsky Soviet Union.
Varsonofiev V.V., Candidate of Political Science, Military expert.
Chapkin S.V., Honorary Academician, President of the “Academy of Ecology and Law”.
Boltenkova L.F., Doctor of Legal Sciences, Professor.
Ignatov I.S., Candidate of Political Sciences, senior advisor of justice.
Vrajnova M.N., Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor, Moscow Automobile and Road Construction University (MADI).
Honali Kurbonzoda, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Rector of the «National Institute of professional development and training of educators».
Platonova N.M., Doctor of Historical Sciences. Associate Professor of the Department “Theory and History of State and Law” of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Far Eastern State University of Communications” (Khabarovsk).

 

 

Abstracts
Dolgenko A.N.
Murashko S.F.
Rudakova S.V.
Political correctness in the english language: between inclusivity and freedom of speech
Political correctness as a linguistic phenomenon plays an important role in shaping modern public discourse. In the English language, it manifests itself in the effort to make communication more respectful and safe for all participants. However, this creates tension between the need to consider the feelings of marginalized groups and the right to freedom of speech. This article examines the historical roots of political correctness, its influence on the lexical and grammatical structure of the English language, its cultural and social consequences, as well as criticism of the phenomenon. Examples of changes in terminology, pronoun usage, and text editing in media and education are provided. The analysis is based on works by leading researchers in the fields of linguistics, sociology, and philosophy.
Key words: English language, political correctness, inclusiveness, freedom of speech, linguistic change, gender neutrality, racial terminology, disability, Socio-economic terms, language evolution, discrimination, ethical aspects.
 
Zyablova O.A.
The system-forming features of special subsystems of the language and their correlation
This article discusses the problem of the relationship of special subsystems of language: common language, language for special purposes and functional style. The author analyzes the identical and distinctive features of these linguistic phenomena. In this context, it is logical to consider the conceptual features of the concepts of linguistic phenomena that determine the meanings, structure and signs of identity and differences of linguistic phenomena, their correlation.
The article presents conclusions about the relationship between common language, special languages and functional styles, functioning as an inseparable link between general and private, and the mechanism of their use in people's speech-thinking activities in the process of their communication with each other.
Key words: common language, language for special purposes, functional style, language subsystem, denotative-meaningful functions.
 
Pavlova E.K.
Citation of ancient Chinese texts in contemporary Chinese political discourse as a demonstration of historical continuity of power
This paper presents the results of a pragmalinguistic analysis of the use of quotations from ancient Chinese texts by the Chinese political leadership in modern political discourse. The cases of quoting written sources dating from 770 BC to 420 AD were examined. It is shown that the need to quote ancient Chinese texts is pragmatically determined by the desire to demonstrate the value of China's multi-thousand-year political culture, the commitment of the modern leadership to the traditions of this culture, as well as to show the personal education of the discourse participant and his deep knowledge of the history and culture of China. The difficulties of translating such quotations from Chinese into Russian are revealed. Translation methods that help minimize translation problems are proposed.
Key words: political discourse, pragmalinguistics, quotation, wenyan, China, translation.
 
Lysikova I.V.
Itin D.A.
The football metaphor as a reflector of political tension in the modern world
This article explores examples of metaphorical constructs derived from the language of football, focusing on their pragmatics and patterns of usage in the modern German-language press. The theoretical section highlights the features of professional jargon and presents contemporary perspectives on terminology from well-known scholars in the field. The article also examines the reasons behind football’s popularity in Germany and its reflection in media discourse. Numerous examples of the metaphorical use of football-related jargon are collected and analysed, the military origins of many football terms are explained, and excerpts from German-language newspaper articles demonstrate how borrowings from football terminology enrich journalistic style and offer vivid, figurative, and original portrayals of current foreign policy and international economic developments.
Key words: heuristic function of the metaphor, cognitive sports and political metaphor, football-related professional jargon, metaphor formation, practice of teaching the language of German newspapers.
 
Shamuradova Gazina
National and cultural features of the epic "gerogly" and linguo-cultural aspects of its translation into Russian and English
The article explores the national-cultural features of the epic "GörOgly," reflecting the unique traditions, customs, and worldview of the Turkmen people. Special attention is given to the linguocultural realities expressed through folklore elements, symbolism, and idiomatic expressions that form the cultural code of the epic. The study analyzes the challenges and specific difficulties encountered when translating "GörOgly" into Russian and English, related to conveying culturally conditioned meanings and national color. The author identifies key translation methods and strategies aimed at preserving the cultural identity of the work while adapting it for Russian-speaking and English-speaking audiences. The article provides examples of transforming linguocultural units, illustrating how translators balance accuracy and accessibility of the text. This work aims to expand understanding of the relationship between language, culture, and translation, as well as to improve translators' competence in the field of Turkic peoples' folklore heritage. The research results contribute to a deeper understanding of linguocultural transmission mechanisms and emphasize the importance of considering national specifics when translating epic works.
Key words: epic of Geroogly, national-cultural features, linguoculture, translation, cultural realities, folklore, traditions, symbolism, idiomatic expressions, cultural code, Russian language, English language, translation strategies, adaptation, cultural authenticity, Turkmen folklore, intercultural communication, transformation of linguocultural units, national color, epic works.
 
Ermolova K.A.
Lexical compatibility of the noun “performance”
The problem of lexical compatibility is the most important aspect that allows to understand the structural features of the language and the features of the presentation of information by linguistic means. In particular, by studying the lexemes included in the lexical-semantic field “Theatre”, the more comprehensive interpretation of this lexical unit within the Russian lexical system is achievable. The relevance of this paper lies in its relevance to issues of lexical compatibility, popular in modern linguistics and lexicology: it examines the specific compatibility of the lexeme PERFORMANCE within the lexical-semantic field “Theatre” in the Russian picture of the world. Addressing this issue allows for a broader and the perception of theater and theatrical performances by native Russian speakers. The aim of this paper is to identify the specific features and patterns of lexical compatibility of the noun PERFORMANCE. To achieve this goal, examples of the formation of the collocations of this lexeme with nouns, verbs, and adjectives are studied, taking into account the structural and semantic models of the resulting word groups. Based on the results obtained, the following conclusions were obtained: the most common lexemes that form phrases with the noun PERFORMANCE when using models “adjective + PERFORMANCE”, “verb + PERFORMANCE”, “PERFORMANCE + noun” were identified.
Key words: lexical compatibility, phrase models, attributive phrase, substantive phrase, verb phrase, phrase with the component PERFORMANCE, national corpus of the Russian language, Russian language picture of the world.
 
Shavlokhova E.S.
Koshokova S.Y.
Charkazyan P.S.
Berezhnov I.R.
The evolution of the image of the "external enemy" in soviet propaganda of the 1920s-1930s: ideological and international aspects
The proposed research review outlines the changes in the interpretation of the "external enemy" concept within Soviet propaganda materials covering the 1920s-1930s. Based on a significant body of historical evidence, including archival collections, newspaper publications, and educational materials, the study traces the transition from a generalized "world capitalism" to specific foreign systems, including fascist doctrine. The identified patterns confirm that the generation of this construct reflected international tensions while simultaneously demonstrating internal political transformations associated with the creation of a mobilization model of society. Special attention is devoted to methodological techniques as well as ideological postulates that instilled in the population an awareness of the "external enemy" as a factor of collective consolidational reserve. Changes in the interpretation of the "external enemy" in the Soviet information space of the 1920s and 1930s included a complex interweaving of ideological schemes, diplomatic realities, and topical issues of domestic political governance. The rhetoric changed in the environment under consideration. The development of the image of the "external enemy" in the 1920s and 1930s was a complex phenomenon that determined the features of the Soviet system and shaped the consciousness of the population.
Key words: Soviet propaganda, enemy image, ideology, capitalist encirclement, fascism, international relations, 1920s-1930s.
 
Borisova-Lebedeva M.Y.
Cultural and educational projects of the St. Petersburg/Petrograd Society of Fine Arts (geographical aspect)
The article introduces the reader to one of the pages of the history of the cultural and educational organization of St. Petersburg – Petrograd – the Society of Fine Arts, which was established at the beginning of the 20th century. It is known that the Society's main goal was to introduce art to the general public. However, the history of its formation and activities has been poorly studied in specialized literature. The author has analyzed a wide range of archival sources, newspaper publications, and literature on the history of the association. As a result, the author has identified, systematized, and described the city locations where the association's events were held. The materials on the activities and structure of the Society of Fine Arts are an important source for researchers studying the work of public organizations of the artistic direction in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century.
The documents presented in the article are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time.
Key words: Russian Empire, Fine Arts Society, intelligentsia, cultural and educational organizations, pre-revolutionary period.
 
Borisochkin S.B.
The British military mission in the Arctic: The beginning of cooperation in the Northern Theater of Military operations
The article examines the initial stage of Soviet-British naval cooperation in the Northern Theater of Military Operations in 1941. A significant part of the research is devoted to the role and activities of the British military mission sent to the Arctic. Based on the analysis of previously unpublished archival materials and memoirs of participants, the structure of the mission is reconstructed, its main tasks are highlighted, which included coordinating actions with the Northern Fleet, ensuring the safety of Allied convoys and sharing experiences. Special attention is paid to the organization of interaction between the Soviet and British commands, the logistical support of British ships and the analysis of the first joint operations. It is shown that effective interaction with Soviet colleagues was ensured not only by formal agreements, but also by personal contacts and mutual understanding between key figures of the British mission and the command of the Northern Fleet. The article shows how the deployment of the mission marked the beginning of practical cooperation, despite differences in approaches to the conduct of hostilities, and contributed to the strengthening of allied relations during the critical period of the Great Patriotic War.
Key words: The Great Patriotic War, the Arctic, the Northern Fleet of the USSR, Soviet-British relations, coordination of actions, the British naval mission.
 
Buzanova N.A.
Shcherbinina Yu.V.
Khabarovsk E.I.
Administrative functions of zemstvo district chiefs under the counter-reform of Alexander III
The purpose of this article is to examine the activities of the zemstvo district chiefs, who were introduced by Alexander III's counter-reforms and held extensive administrative powers. Their task was to encourage active participation of the peasants in self-government while maintaining order and legality. An important aspect of their work was the evaluation of the decisions made by the volost courts aimed at resolving conflicts, which required not only legal expertise but also a high level of diplomacy. The article uses modern research methods to examine the control exercised by the newly appointed officials over the activities of peasant self-government and the approval of decisions by village assemblies. The main goal of the article is to use specific examples to demonstrate the relationship between the zemstvo chiefs and the peasant self-government bodies, particularly the village elder, the volost elder, and the clerk. The introduction of the position of zemstvo district chiefs played a significant role in this process.
Key words: zemstvo district chiefs, administrative functions, peasant self-government bodies, headman, volost foreman, audits.
 
Goltsov A.N.
Dediu E.I.
Aerial Propaganda of the First World War: the emergence of an instrument of influence in a legal vacuum
The article investigates the phenomenon of air propaganda during World War I as a new tool for information and psychological influence. It examines the genesis of this phenomenon at the intersection of aviation technology development and the total nature of the conflict. Special attention is paid to analyzing the legal vacuum that emerged regarding the regulation of propaganda activities aimed at civilian populations and enemy troops using aerial means. The study results demonstrate that the absence of clear international legal norms prohibiting or regulating such actions was a key factor enabling air propaganda to quickly institutionalize and become an effective weapon. Based on analysis of reports, statistical data, and archival materials available in open access, differences in approaches between the Entente countries and Germany towards this type of military activity are revealed, along with the consequences of the legal confrontation surrounding the status of propaganda missions.
Key words: First World War, Triple Entente, Germany, United Kingdom, France, air propaganda, agitation material, psychological warfare, international legislation, legal vacuum.
 
Evloeva L.M.
Evloeva F.R.
Kulbuzheva T.A.
Transformation of gender roles of ingush men in modern society
In the modern world, traditional gender roles are undergoing significant changes under the influence of globalization, urbanization, economic transfor-mation and digitalization. These processes also affect Ingush society, where historically there has been a strict patriarchal system with a clear distribution of male and female roles. This study is aimed at analyzing the transformation of gender roles of Ingush men, identifying key factors contributing to these changes, as well as studying the reaction of traditional society to new models of masculinity.
The work examines such aspect as the influence of Islam on the formation of male identity, as well as the gradual modernization of ideas about male responsibilities and behavior. Special attention is paid to the conflict between traditional values that require men to play the role of protector, breadwinner and spiritual leader of the family, and new social expectations related to involvement in parenting and professional self-realization.
The empirical basis of the study consists of data from sociological surveys and interviews with representatives of different generations of Ingush men. The results show that, despite the resistance of the conservative part of society, changes are inevitable: the younger generation is increasingly reviewing the rigid gender framework, which leads to a gradual but noticeable transformation of male roles.
The study provides a deeper understanding of the dynamics of socio-cultural changes in Ingush society and may be useful for further study of gender transformations in traditional communities of the North Caucasus.
Key words: gender roles, masculinity, Ingush men, traditional society, social transformation, male identity, modernity, globalization, urbanization, cultural change.
 
Kruchinskii D.A.
Cultural leisure of children as a tool of education and an important part of the formation of the lifestyle of the population of the village of Lenino in the city of Irkutsk in the second half of the 20th century
The article examines the role of cultural leisure in shaping the lifestyle of children and adolescents in the village of Lenino in Irkutsk in the second half of the 20th century. Based on the analysis of archival data, the main areas of activity of the children's sector of the House of Culture are revealed, including mass-political work, artistic education, technical creativity and organization of leisure at the place of residence. The importance of early influence on children with the help of the system of cultural space, as well as the continuity of generations are emphasized: how the ideals and skills laid down in youth were reflected in the future professional and social activities of young people. The work contains conclusions about the value of the Soviet experience of organizing children's leisure as a model of socialization and formation of values.
Key words: children's sector, cultural leisure, education, Lenino village, technical creativity, amateur performances.
 
Mikulenok A.A.
Digitalization of archives in Russia and abroad: general and special function
The article is devoted to the activities of the archival service in Russia and foreign countries. Particular attention is paid to modern – digital technologies in archival affairs. The article examines the experience and features of digitalization of archives in Russia and abroad, what special works of the online archival service are in different countries, which direction in digitalization is a priority, and which are not.
Key words: digitalization, archives, memory preservation, archiving, digitization.
 
Moiseeva T.A.
Moiseev A.N.
Individual aspects of becoming ChON of the Mari region
During the Civil War, special military units – special forces detachments (units) - were widely used and used in daily activities after its end. These military party detachments were created under party committees of all levels (from provincial to volost) on the basis of the decree of the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party (b) dated April 17, 1919 to carry out tasks of protecting strategically important facilities, combating counterrevolutionary actions and participating in combat operations as part of the Red Army units.
The article examines the significance and problems of the formation of special detachments, as well as individual aspects from the history of the creation of the Chong PriVO in the Mari region in the period 1919-1921. Studying these units is important, as special forces units played an important role in the life of the young Soviet Republic. They, along with the Red Army, the All-Russian Emergency Commission (CHEKA) and the militia, served as a tool that allowed the Bolsheviks to maintain and consolidate their power. At the same time, an analysis of the experience of regional construction related to the activities of Soviet and party structures reveals special features and uniqueness in the formation of Soviet power.
Key words: military party detachments, Special Purpose Detachments (OSNAZ), special purpose units (CHON), Chon members, communards, CHON Council (Sovchon), Central Committee of the RCP(b), Okr Congress.
 
Myakotin A.A.
Documentary communication between government and society (on the example of the public reception of deputy A.E. Khinshtein)
The article examines the problems of information interaction between the government and the population based on the materials of the Public Reception of the Deputy of the State Duma of the Russian Federation A.E. Khinshtein. The effectiveness of feedback in public administration is largely determined by the perfection of the mechanisms for documenting and transmitting information. Therefore, the main attention is paid to the functioning of office work on citizens' appeals. The directions of activity of the deputy's office, its organizational environment, and staff are considered. The following methods were used to collect information: analysis of office records (local acts, accounting databases, correspondence, etc.), monitoring, interviewing employees, and photographing the working day. The audit of the business process "handling appeals" was conducted, its statistical parameters and potential for improvement were determined; a set of optimization measures was proposed. The reception, processing and execution of the appeal is the main workflow of the deputy's office. The office management process contains elements of disorganization due to the weakness of local regulatory regulations. The organization lacks office management instructions and other important regulations. The efficiency of office work can be improved by introducing consistent functional specialization of employees and updating job descriptions. It is advisable to change the methodology of analytical and statistical work and develop templates for reports (analytical reports, summaries) on handling appeals.
Key words: public administration, political institution, deputy's office, citizens' appeals, office work, business process, local regulatory act.
 
Torunov V.A.
Discussions on the legal status of peasants in the works of local committees of the special conference on the needs of the agricultural industry (using the example of the Samara, Siberian and Saratov provinces)
This article examines the positions of representatives from the Samara, Simbirsk, and Saratov provinces on the legal status of the peasantry, based on the materials of the local committees of Witte's Special Meeting on the Needs of the Agricultural Industry (1902–1903). It analyzes key demands put forward by district committees and individual members. In conclusion, the author argues that while the acute problem of peasant legal disenfranchisement at the local level was universally acknowledged, constructive proposals, which prefigured future reforms, were blocked by the resistance of provincial authorities and bureaucratic skepticism, and thus remained unimplemented by the Conference.
Key words: special meeting on the needs of the agricultural industry, peasant, legal status, S.Yu. Witte, Samara province, Simbirsk province, Saratov province.
 
Osuji K.Ch.
Khokhlysheva O.O.
The extractive imperative: a comparative analysis of colonial economic policies and their continuing legacies in Nigeria, Senegal, and Angola
This paper examines the transformation of the indigenous economies of Nigeria, Senegal, and Angola into specialized export processing zones under the control of British, French, and Portuguese colonial regimes, a process termed the "extractive imperative." It employs a comparative historical analysis informed by world-systems theory and postcolonial critiques of cultural and institutional hegemony. Archival materials, economic data, and contemporary research are examined, revealing the transition from multifaceted precolonial systems to single-export economies. Despite differences in colonial models, common themes emerge: imposed monocultures, repressive labor systems, infrastructural imbalances, and dependence on European markets. The study relates to contemporary initiatives such as the African Continental Free Trade Area, Agenda 2063, and the UN Sustainable Development Goals.
Key words: colonialism, comparative economic history, dependency, resource extraction, Nigeria, Senegal, Angola, postcolonial development.
 
Orlov E.I.
The tactical alliance against Versailles: Soviet-German cooperation in 1920-1933
The article analyzes the experience of Soviet-German cooperation in the 1920s and early 1930s, which arose against the background of the international isolation of both countries after the First World War. The author traces the evolution of these relations from the Rapallo Treaty of 1922, which restored diplomatic and economic ties. It is emphasized that the alliance was based on a pragmatic convergence of strategic goals to overcome the foreign policy blockade and gain access to advanced technologies. The article proves that, despite the mutual benefits, the union was doomed due to ideological intransigence, which led to its abrupt collapse after the Nazis came to power in Germany, heading for confrontation with the USSR.
Key words: Soviet-German relations, Rapallo Treaty, Versailles Treaty, international isolation, secret military-technical cooperation, Reichswehr, Red Army, Weimar Republic.
 
Goltsov A.N.
Dediu E.I.
Features of the formation of protectionist mechanisms in the British financial system during the economic crisis of 1929
The article is devoted to the study of the development features of protectionist mechanisms in the British financial system during the global economic crisis of 1929 – 1933. The conducted analysis shows that Britain, which previously advocated free trade and minimal state intervention into economic processes, was forced to adapt to new conditions by developing a set of protective measures aimed at maintaining national economic stability. The authors examine the reasons for introducing protectionist instruments, describe the implementation mechanism of relevant reforms, and assess their effectiveness with respect to the situation of the late 1920s – early 1930s. The paper emphasizes the importance of studying the British experience of adaptation to economic crises for understanding the patterns of evolution of the global financial system and formulating recommendations for modern conditions of managing financial-economic processes.
Key words: British Empire, United Kingdom, United States of America, Germany, imperialism, colonies, geopolitics, Pax Britannica, protectionism, economic crisis, financial system, peripheralization.
 
Ndongo Nlate Jean Martial
Geopolitical changes: the US and Russia after Trump's election – a path to cooperation or increased competition?
Relations between the United States and Russia remain a key factor in global stability in the multipolar international system. Donald Trump's victory in the 2024 presidential election, returning to power a leader with an unpredictable and pragmatic foreign policy, raises pressing questions about the possible trajectory of bilateral relations. This study aims to conduct a comprehensive analysis of probable scenarios for the development of Russian-American relations in the medium term, with a particular focus on the settlement of the conflict in Ukraine, arms control, cybersecurity, sanctions policy, and economic cooperation. The use of systemic, comparative, and institutional analysis allows us to identify key internal and external factors determining the dynamics of relations, assess the impact of political and economic changes on US foreign policy, and forecast potential consequences for global security. This article examines the foreign policy strategies of the Trump (2017–2021) and Biden (2021–2025) administrations in the context of Russian-American relations. The use of comparative, discourse, institutional, and systemic analysis allows us to identify transformations in rhetoric, assess the impact of US domestic policy, and identify key factors driving the dynamics of bilateral relations. The research's novelty lies not in the promulgation of well-known theses, such as "Trump's pragmatism" or "structural contradictions," but in the comprehensive application of systemic, comparative, discourse, and institutional analysis to examine a specific, brief, yet highly dynamic period—the first years of Donald Trump's new presidency. Unlike studies that focus on long-term trends or analyze previous administrations, this study seeks to identify causal relationships between the Trump administration's immediate actions and Russia's response. This approach allows us to assess the immediate impact of domestic and external factors on bilateral relations, predict potential consequences for global stability, and gain a deeper understanding of the transformation of US foreign policy in a rapidly changing international environment.
Key words: geopolitics, USA, Russia, presidential elections, Trump, cooperation, rivalry, foreign policy, conflict in Ukraine, arms control.
 
Ansari Ramzi Ismail Mahmoud
Spatio-temporal analysis of infrastructure development and demographic changes in the West Bank territories (2000-2024): a cartographic study
Territorial changes through settlement infrastructure represent mechanisms of demographic reconfiguration – processes that alter population distribution/ethnic composition in disputed territories. Developing a comprehensive cartographic methodology for assessing the impact of settlement infrastructure on the demographic balance/systems of territorial control in the West Bank territories (2000-2024); compiling correlation matrices between infrastructure projects and demographic shifts. Analysis of multi-temporal satellite images (Sentinel-2/WorldView-3; 12 time slices) integrated with demographic data from PCBS/CBS/UNRWA; spatial analysis using ArcGIS Pro Network Analyst, ENVI/Google Earth Engine for multispectral classification, the R statistical environment (sf/spatstat/geoR packages) for correlation modeling; Each fact was verified three ways: using satellite images, field reports, and official documents. The built-up area increased by 88.1% (312 km² – 587 km²); the settlement population increased by 160% (193,000 – 502,000 residents); the length of “settler-only” roads increased from 812 km to 1,347 km; the number of checkpoints increased from 38 to 147; and Palestinian travel time increased by 280%. The methodological framework allows for international legal assessments – cartographic data complies with international documentation standards.
Key words: spatial analysis, demographic change, infrastructure, land use, water resources, remote sensing, transport networks.
 
Demidov A.V.
Russia and the Baltic States: a historical retrospective. Part One: Russia and the Baltic peoples in the middle ages
The article examines certain aspects of the historical roots of relations between Ancient Russia, on the one hand, and the Livs (the ancestors of Latvians) and Estonians (the ancestors of Estonians), on the other. Attention is drawn to the factor of penetration of Germans (priests and militant knights) into the Baltic region. The article considers the interaction of Russians, Livs and Estonians in resisting German expansion.
Key words: Baltic States, Livs, Estonians, Polotsk, Veliky Novgorod, priests, bishops, knights pilgrims, Order of the Sword, feudal lords, Ivan IV Vasilyevich.
 
Kun Weiran
A study of oral history of mixed Chinese-Russian families from a microhistorical perspective
The article examines the methodological potential of the microhistorical approach to studying the oral history of mixed Sino-Russian families. The author analyzes the specifics of intercultural family memory, the mechanisms of transmission of cultural codes and adaptation strategies in the conditions of cultural borderland. The study is based on the analysis of existing scientific works, as well as on field materials collected in the border regions of the Russian Far East. A typology of family narratives and a model for analyzing the intergenerational transmission of cultural memory in bicultural families are proposed.
Key words: microhistory, oral history, mixed marriages, Sino-Russian families, cultural memory, intercultural communication.
 
Milandu Bretnel C.R.
SADC and the 2011 elections in Democratic Republic of the Congo. Is this a sign that society’s commitment to democracy is waning?
Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)’ covers key aspects of the political situation in the country in the context of the presidential and parliamentary elections. The 2011 elections in the DRC were an important milestone for the young democracy, but were also accompanied by a number of challenges, such as allegations of fraud, violence and lack of transparency. The System of Active Democratic Control (SADC), which included both national and international organisations aimed at ensuring the integrity and transparency of the electoral process, played an important role in organising and monitoring these elections. Despite efforts to control the elections, the results were contested and the situation led to political instability in the country. The abstract examines both the role of SADC and the impact of these elections on the internal politics of the DRC, including on relations between different political forces, civil society and the international community.
Key words: SADC, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), 2011 presidential elections, 2011 parliamentary elections, international monitoring, political stability, democratization, civil society, political conflict, manipulation of results, socio-political situation.
 
Ngoye S.T.
The military cooperation between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Angola: legacies of the Cold War and new directions
This article examines the development of military relations between Russia and Angola, focusing on historical heritage, changes that have taken place, and recent events. Relations between Russia and Angola, which date back to the Cold War, were based on the Soviet Union's decisive support for the Angolan People's Liberation Movement (MPLA) from 1975 onwards. This support led to a continued dependence on Soviet military equipment and contributed to the formation of the Angolan political and military elite. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, this cooperation went through a period of decline, characterised by the rise of China and the growing influence of Western powers on the Angolan economy.
Since 2014, faced with growing tensions between Moscow and the West, Russia has been seeking to re-strengthen its partnership with Angola, with a focus on technical support (maintenance, arms supplies, training) and new economic projects in the oil and mining industries. However, this dynamic faces challenges related to the structural constraints of the Russian economy and competition from other international players.
Overall, military cooperation between Russia and Angola represents a pragmatic and complementary partnership that is more symbolic than fundamental in nature and illustrates the contemporary multipolar logic. It also reflects Angola's intention to diversify its alliances, while financing from China and the West remains a priority.
Key words: relations between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Angola, military cooperation, Cold War legacy, defense partnership, arms supplies, African geopolitics, post-Soviet Russia, security cooperation, multipolarity, strategic partnership.
 
Ndongo Nlate Jean Martial
The influence of oil and mineral resources on foreign policy: examining Cameroon's international relations and investment attraction
This article investigates the complex interplay between Cameroon's substantial hydrocarbon and mineral endowments and its conduct in international affairs. Utilizing a qualitative methodology grounded in resource diplomacy theory and dependency analysis, it examines how these assets shape diplomatic engagements, alliance formations, and foreign investment flows. While acknowledging arguments emphasizing the constraints of resource dependency, the study posits that Cameroon actively leverages its resources for strategic autonomy and development partnerships. Key findings reveal a pattern of diversified partnerships mitigating traditional dependency risks, though governance challenges persist. The research contributes novel insights by dissecting Cameroon's specific strategies within the broader "resource curse" discourse and its implications for middle-power resource states in Africa.
Key words: Cameroon, Foreign Policy, Resource Diplomacy, Oil Dependence, Mineral Resources, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), Resource Curse, Economic Diversification, International Relations, Africa.
 
Eyamba A.E.
Human trafficking and the exploitation of women and children in Nigeria: socioeconomic drivers and prevention strategies
Human trafficking victims among women and children are increasing because various socioeconomic conditions create their vulnerability to exploitation. This paper examines the ongoing presence of human trafficking in Nigeria by identifying socio-economic conditions that foster it including poverty and unemployment and illiteracy and cultural practices. The trafficking system exploits such situations while simultaneously exposing the limitations of current legal frameworks and policing protocols that fail to address the issue effectively. The research conducts a review of present-day human trafficking mitigation practices while presenting productive solutions which target trafficking supply and demand. The fight against human trafficking requires economic programs and changes to laws together with international alliances and public education initiatives. The research emphasized the necessity of strengthening social programs that assist victims through rehabilitation and reintegration services to stop their ongoing victimization. By resolving the underlying factors in the fight against human trafficking and exploitation of the vulnerable population, Nigeria can bring in substantial shifts in the battle against these crimes. This study examined how the issues of poverty, illiteracy, and unemployment affect victims and exploited groups (women and children) in the context of human trafficking in Nigeria.
Key words: human trafficking, socioeconomic drivers, exploitation, human rights violation, prevention strategies, NAPTIP Nigeria.
 
Semenova S.A.
Formation and development of a network of automobile winter shelters in the arctic regions of Yakutia: a history of the issue
The study of the development of land communication routes has recently become particularly important. The study of the formation of such a type of land communication in Yakutia as automobile winter roads and their role in the history of the region is relevant. From the second floor. In the 20th century, extensive land-based communication routes were widespread and formed in the Arctic regions of Yakutia. Land arteries, in particular, seasonal winter roads, ice crossings, still play an important role in freight and passenger transportation, as well as in providing remote Arctic regions with food and essential goods. The methodological basis of the study is the historical and genetic method used to reconstruct the formation and evolution of the network of land routes (winter roads) in the north-east of Yakutia from the Soviet period to the present, the historical and diachronic method, which allows us to observe the evolution of automobile winter roads in the studied chronological stages. The study showed that the history of the development of winter land routes, namely automobile winter roads, dates back to the Soviet period.
Key words: Yakutia, Kolyma tract, communication routes, seasonal roads, Arctic, industrial development, cargo turnover.
 
Filippovskaia L.V.
Higher education science in Kyrgyzstan in the post-Soviet period: political and economic prerequisites for transformation (1991–2000)
The article examines the political and economic factors that determined the development of university science in the Kyrgyz Republic in the first decade after independence (1991–2000). It analyses the consequences of the collapse of the USSR for the higher education and research system, including the loss of centralised funding, the destruction of inter-republic scientific ties, and the need to form a national legislative framework. The influence of political instability in the 1990s on the development and implementation of long-term scientific and educational strategies is highlighted. The consequences of the economic crisis and budget cuts for science, which led to an outflow of personnel and a decline in scientific activity, are examined. The role of international organisations in supporting scientific fields and modernising university infrastructure is analysed. It is shown that, despite the difficult conditions, the foundations were laid during this period for the subsequent institutional strengthening of university science and the integration of Kyrgyzstan into the global scientific community.
Key words: Kyrgyzstan, post-Soviet period, higher education, university science, political transformation, economic crisis, international cooperation.
 
 
 
Authors
Ansari Ramzi Ismail Mahmoud, Postgraduate student of the Department of Oriental and African Studies, Institute of humanities and social sciences. Peoples' friendship university of Russia.
Berezhnov I.R., Student, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Kuban State Agrarian University named after I.T. Trubilin, Krasnodar.
Borisochkin S.B., Post-Graduate student of the Department of Russian History, A.S. Pushkin Leningrad State University; scientific consultant, Foundation for the Preservation of Historical Memory "International Center for Northern Convoys", St. Petersburg. ORCID: 0009-0005-0351-3092
Borisova-Lebedeva M.Y., Senior Researcher, Museum of Political History of Russia, St. Petersburg.
Buzanova N.A., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor. Tambov State University named after G.R. Derzhavin. Department of History and Philosophy of the Institute of Education and Social Sciences.
Charkazyan P.S., Student, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Kuban State Agrarian University named after I.T. Trubilin, Krasnodar.
Dediu E.I., Senior Lecturer, Department of History. Kaluga State University named after K.E. Tsiolkovsky.
Demidov A.V., Candidate of Political Science, Associate Professor. Moscow University of Humanities and Economics.
Dolgenko A.N., Doctor of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor. Head of the Department of Russian and Foreign Languages, Sukharev Moscow Academy of the Investigative Committee.
Ermolova K.A., Postgraduate Student. State University of Education, Moscow. SPIN-code: 3716-4554
Evloeva F.R., Candidate of Philosophical Sciences, Associate Professor, Ingush State University, Magas, Republic of Ingushetia. SPIN-code: 3312-7922
Evloeva L.M., Candidate of Historical Sciences. Ingush Scientific Research Institute of Humanities named after Ch.E. Akhriev. Magas, Republic of Ingushetia. SPIN-code: 7085-9463
Eyamba A.E., Postgraduate Student, Department of History of International Relations and Foreign Policy. Peoples' Friendship University of Russia.
Filippovskaia L.V., Scientific Secretary of the Scientific Council, Candidate for the Chair of History, Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University, Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic.
Goltsov A.N., Postgraduate student of the Department of History. Kaluga State University named after K.E. Tsiolkovsky.
Itin D.A., 4th-year student, Faculty of World Economy. Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia.
Khabarovsk E.I., History and Social Studies teacher at the Leader School with advanced English language studies in the Moscow Region, Istra.
Khokhlysheva O.O., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Candidate of Law, Professor, Head of the Department of Global Diplomacy and International Law. Institute of International Relations and World History, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod.
Koshokova S.Y., PhD in History, Associate Professor, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Kuban State Agrarian University named after I.T. Trubilin, Krasnodar.
Kruchinskii D.A., Postgraduate student. Irkutsk State University. ORCID: 0009-0008-7455-7529
Kulbuzheva T.A., Ingush Scientific Research Institute of Humanities named after Ch.E. Akhriev. Magas, Republic of Ingushetia.
Kun Weiran, Graduate Student, Faculty of History, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk.
Lysikova I.V., Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of European Languages. Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia.
Mikulenok A.A., PhD in History, Associate Professor, the department of Social, Humanitarian and Natural Science Disciplines. North Caucasus Branch of Russian State University of Justice.
Milandu Bretnel C.R., Post-graduate student. People’s Friendship University of Russia.
Moiseev A.N., Federal State Educational Institution of Higher Education "Military Educational and Scientific Center of the Air Force "Air Force Academy named after Professor N.G. Zhukovsky and Yu.A. Gagarin", Syzran.
Moiseeva T.A., Candidate of Historical Sciences. Federal State Educational Institution of Higher Education "Military Educational and Scientific Center of the Air Force "Air Force Academy named after Professor N.G. Zhukovsky and Yu.A. Gagarin", Syzran.
Murashko S.F., Candidate of Psychological Sciences, Associate Professor. Professor of the Department of Russian and Foreign Languages, Sukharev Moscow Academy of the Investigative Committee.
Myakotin A.A., PhD in History, Associate Professor. Samara National Research University named after Academician S.P. Korolev (Department of World History, International Relations, and Archival Studies). Samara State Medical University (Department of National History, Medicine, and Social Sciences).
Ndongo Nlate Jean Martial, Assistant lecturer at the department of Theory and History of International Relations. People’s Friendship University of Russia.
Ngoye S.T., Postgraduate student. Peoples' Friendship University of Russia. ORCID: 0009-0003-9873-5549
Orlov E.I., Master's student, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk. SPIN-code: 1142-1688
Osuji K.Ch., Postgraduate student in the Department of History of International Relations and Foreign Policy. Institute of International Relations and World History, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod. ORCID: 0009-0004-7185-2355
Pavlova E.K., Doctor of Philology, Associate Professor of the Department of English for humanities faculties of the Faculty of Foreign Languages and regional studies of Lomonosov Moscow State University.
Rudakova S.V., Candidate of Psychological Sciences, Docent. Associate Professor of the Department of Russian and Foreign Languages, Sukharev Moscow Academy of the Investigative Committee.
Semenova S.A., Junior Researcher. Institute of Humanitarian Research and Problems of Indigenous Peoples of the North, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yakutsk.
Shamuradova Gazina, Postgraduate Student. Ministry of education of the Russian Federation. Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education “State University of Education”. Department of Language Theory, English Studies and Applied Linguistics.
Shavlokhova E.S., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Professor of the Department of History and Political Science,Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Kuban State Agrarian University named after I.T. Trubilin, Krasnodar.
Shcherbinina Yu.V., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor. Tambov State University named after G.R. Derzhavin. Department of History and Philosophy of the Institute of Education and Social Sciences.
Torunov V.A., Postgraduate Student, Department of Russian History and Historiography, Samara National Research State University named after S.P. Korolev, Samara.
Zyablova O.A., Doctor of Philology, Associate Professor. Diplomatic Academy of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. SPIN-code: 1789-5756