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The Power Of History – The History Of Power. Volume 11. Issue 7. № 65. 2025

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PHILOLOGICAL SCIENCES, LINGUISTICS
  
Dolgenko A.N., Kosyreva M.S. The Concept of “Formation” in Russian Phraseology
14
Bragina E.R. Germanisms in the economic terminology of the Russian language: historical period from the 19th to the beginning of the 21st centuries and modern trends
21
Tolokonnikova O.A. Linguistic characteristics of the concept as a unit of linguistic and cultural competence formation among Chinese philology students in the process of learning Russian as a foreign language
31
Stepanova P.S. The influence of the prefix on the meaning of a word with the root “NYUKH”
41
Sabitova A.M., Kmin A.I. Stylistic and semantic features of adjectives in modern youth slang
55
Novichkova O.V. Methods of teaching Russian in modern schools
63
Kungurova I.M., Zalevskaya V.Y., Kolesova Y.A., Lonshakova D.D., Chervova A.A. Development of secondary school students’ socio-cultural competence at English lessons by means of English-language literary works
71
Ilyasov V.S. Phraseology of Surah “The family of Imran”
83
Dolgenko A.N., Lytkina O.I. Set phrases in academic text
92
 
ACTUAL QUESTIONS OF HISTORICAL SCIENCES
  
Vasilchenko O.A. Historical memory and the social institution of the family in the Far East as its keeper using the example of the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945
 99
Ponomarenko E.V., Kazantsev V.P., Popov G.G. The Polish campaign of the wehrmacht in 1939 and the Soviet military factor
 107
Kazantsev V.P., Ponomarenko E.V., Raizman V.V. The art of education at military universities: creating a model of an effective educational environment
 126
Yakhimovich S.Y. “Three zeros means Conference”: the professional union of metalworkers in the area of the China-Eastern Railway in the 1920s
 140
Ermishkin V.V., Matyukhanova V.N., Zavorokhina N.S. Features of the development of constitutionalism in Russia: historical aspect
 149
Temmoev I.Y., Akkieva S.I. Administrative and judicial reforms in the post-reform period in the territory of the Terek region (based on the example of Balkaria)
 158
Zabbarova L.M., Tuhvatullin A.H., Kostina E.N. Historiography of the Tatars of the southern Urals
 168
Zubov A.Yu. The social appearance of naval officers of the Russian Empire during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905
 177
Zuev A.V. Russian commercial shipping company (1912-1917)
 185
Kozlov V.A., Mikheyev D.Y. Periodical press of Siberia during the Great Patriotic War
 194
Orlov E.I. The USSR and the limitropha countries in the system of soviet interests
 203
Aibazov A.I., Skhalyakho R.A. To the question of the presence of the ethnonym “Alan” in the Svan language (based on materials from the first half of the 19th century)
 213
Tutaeva L.O. The influence of neophyticism on the traditional values of the Ingush people
 221
Fan-Yung G.Yu. The role of the Z.M. Persitz factory in the development of the Nizhny Novgorod region in the early ХХth century
 230
Khvan D.A. Methodology of institutional adaptation of the political system to the challenges of the VUCA world: legacy of the past
 242
Khubieva A.A. Historical aspect of the formation of the institute of personal data in Russia
 258
Ermishkin V.V., Matyukhanov V.N., Sinegubov S.N. The formation of a consumer society in the USSR in the 1950s and 1980s as a factor of cultural and economic integration into the global capitalist system
 266
Lebedev A.L., Lichak N.A.  Discursive practices and everyday social realities in Soviet higher education newspapers (late 1950s – early 1960s): the YMI and YTI experience
 274
Kalchenko P.D. The influence of the Nazi occupiers on the spiritual and religious worldview of children in Voroshilovgrad (1942-1943)
 286
 
HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND GENERAL HISTORY
  
Ryabova E.L., Ternovaya L.O. Ubuntu in global politics: an ethics of interdependence for a new era of international relations
 300
Yartsev S.V., Martynenko A.Y. The political history of the southern thracians in foreign and domestic historiography
 311
Salikhov R.T., Gali B.T., Galiullin R.R., Gataullina L.N. The historical evolution of religious mysticism in Islam
 320
Demidov A.V. Russia and the Baltic States: a historical retrospective. Part two: Livonian War 1558–1584
 328
Adzhieva Z.I., Borlakova F.A., Kulchaev B.A. Issues of social and property differentiation of the population of Karachay and Cherkessia during the NEP years
 335
Al Esbili F.S.M., Al Rahabi M.A.M. Foreign policy of the united Yemen (1990–2011)
 342
Antwi B.B. The impact of the Lomé IV Convention (IV: 1990-2000) on trade performance in Ghana
 353
Kovalev A.V. The influence and significance of John Locke’s political doctrine
 362
Malyshenko G.I. Harbin military glory parade in 1945
 372
Balde H.U. Cooperation between Portugal and guinea-Bissau in agriculture: achievements and challenges
 389
Qi Jiaxu Comparative study of socialist law with Chinese characteristics and Russian Sovereign law
 399
Cui Jianping The struggle of the powers over the management of the Sino-Eastern Railway in 1904-1917
 408
Dolgushina P.S., Shostak V.A., Zavorokhina N.S. The manifestations of religious fanatism in medieval Europe through the prism of the phenomenon of total extermination of cats
 419
 
Abstracts
 
442
Authors
459
 

  

EDITORIAL BOARD
Deputy. Chief Editor and Project Manager: 
Ternovaya L.O., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Moscow Automobile and Road Construction University.
Rybakov S.V., Doctor of historical sciences, Associate Professor of the history of Russian Ural Federal University.
 
Mikhailov V.A., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation, Head of the Department of National and Federal Relations of the Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation.
Dolgenko A.N., Doctor of Philology. Head of the Department of Russian and Foreign Languages at the Moscow Academy of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation.
Kovaleva N.A., Doctor of Philology, Associate Professor. Professor of the Department of Russian Language and Literature of the Institute of Foreign Languages of Nanjing University (PRC).
Nenarokova M.R., Doctor of Philology, Professor of the Department of Theory and Practice of Foreign Languages, Institute of Foreign Languages, RUDN University, Leading Researcher, Department of Classical Literature of the West and Comparative Literature. Institute of World Literature RAN. Interpreter/Translator.
Nagornova E.V., PhD in Philology, Associate Professor of the Department of Theory and Practice of Foreign Languages at the Institute of Foreign Languages of the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia.
Nikashina N.V., PhD in Philology, Associate Professor of the Department of Theory and Practice of Foreign Languages, Institute of Foreign Languages, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia.
Klimenko D.A., Candidate of Philology, specialist in Italy.
Murashko S.F., Candidate of Psychological Sciences, Professor of the Department of Russian and Foreign Languages. Moscow Academy of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation.
Ternovaya L.O., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor MADI (The Moscow Automobile and Road Construction University).
Ivakin G.A., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Expert. Deputy Director of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Psychological Institute of the Russian Academy of Education".
Naumova G.R., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor of Lomonosov Moscow State University.
Nikonov A.V., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, State Councellor of the 1st class, the Lomonosov Moscow State University.
Nechiporenko V.S., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration.
Ponomarenko B.T., Honoured worker of higher education, Professor of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration.
Letunovsky P.V., Doctor of Political Sciences, Candidate of Historical Sciences, head of the department of Humanitarian, Social and Economic Disciplines of the Russian Federation Armed Forces Army Air Defense Military Academy named after the Marshal of the A.M. Vassilevsky Soviet Union.
Varsonofiev V.V., Candidate of Political Science, Military expert.
Chapkin S.V., Honorary Academician, President of the “Academy of Ecology and Law”.
Boltenkova L.F., Doctor of Legal Sciences, Professor.
Ignatov I.S., Candidate of Political Sciences, senior advisor of justice.
Vrajnova M.N., Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor, Moscow Automobile and Road Construction University (MADI).
Honali Kurbonzoda, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Rector of the «National Institute of professional development and training of educators».
Platonova N.M., Doctor of Historical Sciences. Associate Professor of the Department “Theory and History of State and Law” of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Far Eastern State University of Communications” (Khabarovsk).

 

 

Abstracts
Dolgenko A.N.
Kosyreva M.S.
The Concept of "Formation" in Russian Phraseology
The article is devoted to the study of the semantic structure, cultural connotations, historical and modern transformation of the concept of "formation" on the material of phraseological units of the Russian language. Russian phraseology forms a special axiological paradigm, which synthesizes Orthodox spiritual traditions with pragmatic values, which constitutes a special philosophy of formation. The system of Russian phraseological units demonstrates a dynamic balance between the traditional and the new in formation, contributing to the preservation of cultural identity.
Key words: Russian linguistic worldview, Russian phraseology, concept of "formation".
 
Bragina E.R.
Germanisms in the economic terminology of the Russian language: historical period from the 19th to the beginning of the 21st centuries and modern trends
This article examines the influence of Germanisms on the modern economic terminology of the Russian language, with an emphasis on their historical incorporation into the Russian language from the 19th to the beginning of 21st centuries. The study includes corpus and structural analysis, as well as a case study method, allowing for a deeper understanding of the nature and use of German borrowings. Special attention is given to the quantitative and percentage counting of Germanisms, their distribution across various fields of application, and thematic groups. The role of Germanisms in enriching economic vocabulary is analyzed, as well as their degree of internationalization and belonging to general literary, scientific, interdisciplinary, and specialized vocabularies. The results demonstrate how German borrowings contributed to the formation and development of economic discourse in the Russian language, highlighting their significance for the modern linguistic landscape. This research represents a comprehensive analysis of Germanisms in the economic terminology of the Russian language, making it relevant and valuable for further studies in this area.
Key words: Germanisms, economic terminology, Russian language, historical incorporation, intermediary languages, etymological chains, donor language, thematic groups, field of application, internationalisms.
 
Tolokonnikova O.A.
Linguistic characteristics of the concept as a unit of linguistic and cultural competence formation among Chinese philology students in the process of learning Russian as a foreign language
The purpose of this study is to identify the criteria that defines a linguacultural concept, to determine and select linguacultural concepts that will serve as units for the formation of linguistic and cultural competence in Russian as a foreign language classes. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that this article compares a concept and a linguacultural concept, examines the components of the concept MONEY in Russian and Chinese linguistic worldviews. Within the framework of this study, the core zone and the periphery zone were determined. The study found that the core zones of the concept MONEY coincide in the Russian and Chinese linguistic worldviews, while the difference can be traced in their peripheral zones.
Key words: linguacultural concept, linguistic worldview, linguacultural study, peripheral zone, core zone.
 
Stepanova P.S.
The influence of the prefix on the meaning of a word with the root "NYUKH"
The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of the prefix on the meaning of a word with the root "nukh." The article analyzes keywords with the seme "olfactory" from dictionaries. The meanings of words with the root "nukh" without a prefix are examined: "nukh," "snuff," "snuffing," "snufferer," "snufferer," "snuffing," "snuffing," "snuffing," "snuffing," "to sniff." The meanings of words with the root "sniff" with the prefix v- (to sniff, to sniff), vy- (to sniff, to sniff, sniffing, to sniff, to sniff), do- (to sniff, to sniff, to sniff, to sniff), za- (zanyukhannyy, to sniff, to sniff), na- (to sniff, to sniff, to sniff, to sniff), ob- (to sniff, to sniff), pere- (to sniff, to sniff, to sniff, to sniff), po- (to sniff, to sniff, to sniff, to sniff), po- + raz- (poraznukhat), pri- (to sniff, to sniff, to sniff, to sniff), pro- (to sniff, to sniff, to sniff, to sniff), raz- (to sniff, to sniff, to rakhnukhivatsya), s- (to sniff, to sniff). The scientific novelty consists in the selection and study of words with the root "sniff" from 23 dictionaries, and the identification of the meanings of prefixes in the provided material. As a result, 632 headwords with the seme 'olfactory' were identified from 23 dictionaries, 57 of which have the root "sniff". The meaning of the root "sniff" has been determined - "to inhale through the nose; to smell". The following meanings of words with the root "sniff" and the prefix have been analyzed: in- (inside the smell); vy- (by smell); do- (to smell to the limit); za- (to smell strongly); na- (to smell very much); ob- (to smell around); pere- (to smell very much; to smell a lot); po- (to smell a little); pri- (to understand with the help of smell); pro- (to recognize with the help of smell); raz- (to recognize by smell); s- (to connect for something).
Key words: influence of the prefix on the meaning of the root, the root "smell" in headwords, headwords with the seme "olfactory", meanings of words with the root "smell".
 
Sabitova A.M.
Kmin A.I.
Stylistic and semantic features of adjectives in modern youth slang
The need to study the functioning of adjectives in youth slang is closely linked to the role of social media and instant messaging apps in their lives. These communicative spaces undergo rapid change. Adjectives become "viral," their meanings evolving and blossoming depending on context. Teenagers readily use unusual synonyms, homonyms, and metaphors to express adjectival meanings. This creates a profound connection between language and the cultural processes that engage youth communities. As a result, words undergo recodification, confirming the vibrant interaction between language and society.
The use of adjectives in youth speech serves not only as a marker for conveying characteristics of objects but also as a complex social tool, facilitating integration and identification within a group. The role of adjectives as concepts of various emotional states and sociocultural tendencies is increasing. Teenage slang exhibits certain patterns that can be viewed as a reflection of the internal culture and diversity of society. The unique structures that characterize this speech are also highlighted in the context of lexical borrowings and adaptations, as confirmed by numerous lexicographic sources. Comparisons with other social groups and the characteristics of their linguistic practices allow us to deepen our understanding of the speech mosaic of modern youth, their aspirations, and their perception of reality.
Key words: adjective, youth slang, adjectivization, semantics, style, identification, communicative space, stylistic characteristics, mentality.
 
Novichkova O.V.
Methods of teaching Russian in modern schools
The paper examines the peculiarities of the methodology of teaching Russian in modern schools, focuses on the transition from traditional to innovative approaches aimed at the formation of language competence and communication skills of students. The study reveals that the modern methodology is based on the principles of consistency, clarity and practical orientation, integrates traditional and modern pedagogical technologies, including the flip classroom, project activities and information and communication technologies (ICT). The article examines in detail traditional methods (explanatory and illustrative, reproductive, problem-based learning), as well as innovative technologies such as flip class technology, project activities, game methods and a communicative approach that create conditions for active interaction and the development of communication skills. The role of the teacher is interpreted as the organization and facilitation of the educational process, stimulating independence, critical thinking and self-control. Particular importance is attached to a personality-oriented approach, the use of game methods and differentiated work with students. The role of the teacher as an organizer of the educational process and a facilitator contributing to the development of critical thinking and independence is emphasized. In conclusion, the author concludes that the modern approach is focused on the practical application of language in various spheres of life, preparing students for real communicative situations and adapting learning to the digital age.
Key words: teaching methods, Russian language, modern school, language competence, communicative approach, traditional methods, innovative technologies, information and communication technologies, personality-oriented approach, differentiated learning.
 
Kungurova I.M.
Zalevskaya V.Y.
Kolesova Y.A.
Lonshakova D.D.
Chervova A.A.
Development of secondary school students’ socio-cultural competence at English lessons by means of English-language literary works
The article examines the potential of using authentic English-language literary works as an effective tool of the formation of the secondary school students’ socio-cultural competence (grades 5-9). They study the mechanisms of integration of literary material into the educational process for the development of empathy and understanding of the historical context of the texts. Using the specific examples of the literary works the authors analyze the methods and techniques of the work aimed at achieving metasubject educational results according to the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard.
Key words: socio-cultural competence, secondary school students, English, English-language literature, intercultural communication, empathy, meta-subject results.
 
Ilyasov V.S.
Phraseology of Surah “The family of Imran”
The article characterizes Arabic phraseological units as building blocks of language that make statements expressive, emotional and figurative. The work defines and analyzes phraseological units mentioned in the third sura, “The Family of Imran,” of the Holy Quran. The internal form of phraseological units is analyzed, which allows us to draw some conclusions about the Quranic YKM associated with the reflection of the principles of the anthropocentric approach to cognition in the linguistic consciousness of man.
Key words: Quran, Arabic language, phraseological unit, linguistic picture of the world, Quranic worldview.
 
Dolgenko A.N.
Lytkina O.I.
Set phrases in academic text
The article examines the features of the functioning of set phrases in scientific-style (academic) texts. Set expressions (phraseological units and clichés) influence the structure and perception of an academic text, ensuring its logicality, precision, and stylistic neutrality. They lend the text objectivity and impartiality, logical sequence and clarity, while enhancing its expressiveness.
Key words: functional styles of the Russian language, scientific style, phraseological units, clichés.
 
Vasilchenko O.A.
Historical memory and the social institution of the family in the Far East as its keeper using the example of the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945
In this article, the author formulates its goal: to reveal the significance of the social institution of the family in the Far East in preserving the historical memory of the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945. To further understand the problematic, the author outlines the development of the social institution of the family in the Far East and its deformation under war conditions. The main part of the article analyzes the historical memory of the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945, specifically characterizing its forms (state and public events), their principles, and methods for strengthening the historical memory of the war. The author focuses on the role of the family in these processes. The author logically links the issues raised in the article with current events—the Special Military Operation—identifying common and specific features, and demonstrating the danger of the loss of historical memory of the war by the ruling elites of modern Europe and the United States. The article notes the importance of strengthening international solidarity through this foundation. Ultimately, the author argues that within a country, historical memory is strengthened by the actions of the state and the family.
Key words: social institution of the family, historical memory, Great Patriotic War, deformation, Special Military Operation, Far East, USSR, China.
 
Ponomarenko E.V.
Kazantsev V.P.
Popov G.G.
The Polish campaign of the wehrmacht in 1939 and the Soviet military factor
The authors of this article, using publications of recent years and captured German documents, tried to answer the question of whether the entry of Soviet troops into Poland on September 17, 1939 influenced the collapse of the Second Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. This problem, which is being actively developed in the modern Polish Republic, has a positive response there. However, after studying little–known archival documents (first of all, the documents of the 14th Army of the wehrmacht, which attacked Krakow and Lviv in September 1939), the authors conclude that the actions of the Red Army had little effect on the course of the Polish campaign. On the contrary, the entry of the Soviet Union into Poland was a forced measure that ultimately weakened the economic potential of the Nazi regime. Regarding the direct actions of the troops in September 1939, the authors conclude that the Polish high command was unable to organize a counterattack from Warsaw after September 9, 1939 to support its troops on the Bzura River. This was the main reason for the rapid defeat of the Polish army by the wehrmacht, but not the Soviet invasion on September 17, 1939.
Key words: World War II, the Polish campaign of 1939, the western campaign of the Red Army on September 17, 1939, the Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact, Poland in World War II.
 
Kazantsev V.P.
Ponomarenko E.V.
Raizman V.V.
The art of education at military universities: creating a model of an effective educational environment
The authors relying on previously insufficiently studied Soviet and German documents analyze the potential of the Western Front in the early days of the Great Patriotic War. Using the example of the Western Front, the authors prove that the USSR's preparations for such a large-scale war turned out to be insufficient, in particular, the tank formations of the Western Special Military District did not complete rearmament before the start of the Great Patriotic War, and the same applies to the Air Force of this district. Using the example of the Western Front of the Red Army, it is shown that the catastrophe of the summer of 1941 It was caused, among other things, by the insufficient equipment of military units with material, the level of equipment in some areas did not even meet the standards of the end of the First World War. The defeat of Soviet troops in the first days of the Great Patriotic War on the territory of Belarus was largely caused by the poor preparation of the district's Air Force to repel a possible attack. In particular, the district lacked high-altitude fighters. In addition, the artillery of the Western Special Military District had a shortage of weapons and was technically lagging behind the German artillery, which already had rocket-propelled mortars.
Key words: The Great Patriotic War, the Western Special Military District, the Western Military Front, Operation Barbarossa.
 
Yakhimovich S.Y.
"Three zeros means Conference": the professional union of metalworkers in the area of the China-Eastern Railway in the 1920s
The article is devoted to the activities of one of the small Soviet trade unions of metalworkers in the area of the China-Eastern Railway (CER), which operated here in the 1920s. The specifics of the situation in which the trade union had to function, its structure and main areas of work are revealed. The conclusion is made about the relative effectiveness of the professional association of metalworkers, which became part of the Soviet socio-political model in a foreign territory, in the context of conflicts on the CER and strict police control.
Key words: China-Eastern Railway (CER), trade union, metalworkers, sec-tion, board.
 
Ermishkin V.V.
Matyukhanova V.N.
Zavorokhina N.S.
Features of the development of constitutionalism in Russia: historical aspect
The article examines the development of constitutionalism in Russia as a key aspect of the rule of law. The starting point for solving this problem is the analysis of the historical development of constitutionalism, since certain stages of the development of the rule of law are associated with the development of various socio-economic relations in our country. The relevance of this topic lies in the fact that the Constitution, being the supreme law of the state, reflects a certain consensus of society and government at different stages of their development. Each such stage includes certain specifics and issues of time, which are reflected, among other things, in documents of constitutional content. The purpose of the article is to examine the phenomenon of constitutionalism and the Constitution from a historical point of view. For this purpose, the work defined the Constitution and the main stages of its development from the Time of Troubles to the present day.
Key words: constitutionalism, constitution, history, rule of law, ideology.
 
Temmoev I.Y.
Akkieva S.I.
Administrative and judicial reforms in the post-reform period in the territory of the Terek region (based on the example of Balkaria)
The article is devoted to the study of administrative and judicial reforms carried out in the post-reform period (the 1860s and 1870s) in the Terek region, using the example of Balkaria. It examines the process of reforming administrative management, including the creation and functioning of rural societies and volosts, as well as the impact of judicial reform on the traditional legal institutions of Balkarian society. Special attention is given to analyzing the challenges that arose during the implementation of the reforms, taking into account the socio-cultural characteristics of the region. The study is based on archival materials, legislative acts, and ethnographic sources, which allows us to identify both general trends characteristic of reforms in the Russian Empire and specific features determined by local conditions.
Key words: administrative reforms, judicial reform, Terek region, Balkaria, post-reform period, rural societies, volosts, traditional law, adats, North Caucasus.
 
Zabbarova L.M.
Tuhvatullin A.H.
Kostina E.N.
Historiography of the Tatars of the Southern Urals
This article provides a review of historical and historiographical sources devoted to the study of the peoples of the Southern Urals, and in particular, the Tatar population. It highlights the sources and methodological foundations of Tatars and Bashkirs history in the Ural region research in various historical periods.
Key words: historiography, Ural region, Southern Urals, Tatars, Bashkirs, Russia.
 
Zubov A.Yu.
The social appearance of naval officers of the Russian Empire during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905
The article examines the social profile of officers in the Russian Navy during the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905 based on a comprehensive analysis of archival materials, memoirs of war participants, and historical research, including works by S.O. Makarov, V.I. Semenov, and E.R. Yegoryev. It has been established that naval officers, predominantly from the noble class, were characterized by high moral qualities, a readiness for self-sacrifice for the Fatherland, and a strict political orientation towards the monarchy, which excluded affiliation with any political parties. Particular attention is given to the issues of professional training for the officer corps: it has been revealed that the education system in the Naval Corps, despite providing quality basic training in the fields of physical sciences and military tactics, did not ensure the development of skills for managing modern combat ships and did not encourage a desire for independent knowledge enhancement. The analysis conducted showed that by the beginning of the war, the senior naval leadership demonstrated significant gaps in practical combat skills, and graduates of the Naval Corps exhibited lower motivation for service compared to officers educated in other institutions. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the comprehensive analysis of the social and professional characteristics of the naval officer corps based on a wide range of historical sources, including previously unexamined archival documents.
Key words: Russian-Japanese War, naval officers, Naval Corps, nobility, technical skills, combat training.
 
Zuev A.V.
Russian commercial shipping company (1912-1917)
This article is the first attempt to analyze the history of the creation and functioning of the Russian Commercial Shipping Company (RCSC). It is noted that the country's need to organize regular maritime transport and improve trade relations with foreign countries influenced the creation of new companies in Russia. A striking example of such an enterprise is the formation of the RCSC, which began its commercial operations in 1912. The company's steamships were in good condition, allowing them to be maintained in the highest class by Lloyd's. In the same year, 1912, the London insurance company Lloyd's published the latest edition of its directory of flags and pennants of shipping companies worldwide. Among them was the RCSC flag. Coal, timber, and grain were transported by steamships across the Black, Azov, Mediterranean, and Baltic Seas. Despite all the cataclysms, RCSC remained a profitable enterprise. Following the October Revolution, the Council of People's Commissars' Decree "On the Nationalization of the Merchant Marine" of January 26, 1918, declared the Company's assets national property. The Russian Commercial Shipping Company made a significant contribution to the development of commercial shipping in Russia in the early 20th century.
Key words: Russian Commercial Shipping Company, shipping company, merchant shipping, steamship, charter, profit, shareholders, shares.
 
Kozlov V.A.
Mikheyev D.Y.
Periodical press of Siberia during the Great Patriotic War
The 80th anniversary of Victory Day, celebrated amidst the ongoing Special Military Operation, has sparked particular research interest in various aspects of the Great Patriotic War. The author believes that of particular scholarly interest is how, despite the severe defeats of the first stage of the war, the periodical press quickly managed to turn the tide and inspire the population of the USSR to achieve victory over a ruthless and motivated enemy—Nazi Germany. Having withstood the massive onslaught of the Nazi propaganda machine, the Soviet Union's periodical press subsequently went on the ideological offensive, making a significant contribution to fostering unity between the front and the rear, strengthening the Soviet people's faith in the leadership of the state and the army, and the inevitability of the enemy's complete defeat. Western Siberia's main newspaper, Sovetskaya Sibir, also contributed to patriotic education. Based on Sovetskaya Sibir publications from 1941-1945, this article is devoted to: The author analyzes the main areas of work on patriotic education of the population of Siberia during the Great Patriotic War.
Key words: Great Patriotic War, patriotism, patriotic education, means of patriotic education, press, Siberia during the Great Patriotic War.
 
Orlov E.I.
The USSR and the limitropha countries in the system of soviet interests
The article is devoted to the analysis of the role and place of the limitrophic states (Finland, the Baltic states, Poland, Romania) in the Soviet foreign policy doctrine of the 1920s and 1930s. The author examines how these countries, which emerged on the western borders of the former Russian Empire, became a "buffer zone" ("cordon sanitaire") between the USSR and the West. Special attention is paid to the dual policies of the limitrophes themselves, balancing the interests of the USSR, Germany and the Western powers, as well as their growing economic dependence on the Third Reich by the end of the 1930s.- x years. The article proves that it was the intertwining of ideological attitudes, the geopolitical interests of the great powers and the internal weakness of the limitrophs themselves that turned the region into a zone of constant tension, which largely predetermined the diplomatic crisis on the eve of World War II.
Key words: limitrophic states, the cordon sanitaire, Soviet foreign policy, the interwar period, the Baltic States, Finland, Poland, Romania, the Versailles system, collective security, geopolitics, the Third Reich, economic dependence, the non-aggression pact.
 
Aibazov A.I.
Skhalyakho R.A.
To the question of the presence of the ethnonym "Alan" in the Svan language (based on materials from the first half of the 19th century)
Language is a valuable historical source, the study of which is especially important for peoples who lacked a developed written tradition. Ethnonymy, a branch of onomastics that studies the names of various ethnic groups, can provide interesting data for historians. Using materials from the mid-19th century, the authors examine the presence of the ethnonym "Alan" in the Svan language. This study was prompted by the contents of the manuscript "Svanetia", discovered in the collection of the St. Petersburg Theological Academy in the Manuscript Department of the National Library of Russia. According to this manuscript, the Svans called the Karachays "Alan." This fact has not previously been encountered in specialized literature. Consulting other sources from the same period allows us to partially confirm the information contained in the manuscript. However, the authors believe that this cannot be confirmed with certainty. The researchers note the limited materials and sources on the Svan language available to Russian-speaking researchers. Studying the Svan language could provide important information for the history of the entire North Caucasus.
Key words: Ethnonym, Alans, Svans, Karachays, Balkars.
 
Tutaeva L.O.
The influence of neophyticism on the traditional values of the Ingush people
This paper examines one form of artificial kinship – kinship by religion (faith).
The aim of this paper is to analyze the influence of neophyteism on social structures and kinship relationships in Ingush society. Forms of neophyteism, such as brotherhood and sisterhood, are examined. Various aspects of the phenomenon of brotherhood in religion, including its characteristics, for example, in Islam, are discussed.
Both the positive and negative aspects of brotherhood in religion are noted, leading to both social cohesion and disunity, respectively.
The paper also examines the main markers of religious identity.
Key words: neophytes, artificial kinship, religious identity, brotherhood, sisterhood, superethnos.
 
Fan-Yung G.Yu.
The role of the Z.M. Persitz factory in the development of the Nizhny Novgorod region in the early ХХth century
Introduction. The study of the influence of the chemical industry on the socio-economic development of Russia before 1917 does not occupy a proper place in the works of modern historians. Information about the state of the chemical industry and its various sub-sectors, as a rule, is very superficial, demonstrating a desire for some kind of "generalization" in the spirit of "narodnik" economists. A direct consequence of such "generalizations" is the unjustified notion of the "natural" absence of large, knowledge-intensive and advanced chemical industries in "lapotnaya" and "backward" Russia on the eve of the First World War.
Mission. In the presented work, an attempt is made to clarify the importance of the Z.M. Persitz plant in the structure of regional industrial production during the designated period.
Materials and methods. Published and unpublished sources were used in the preparation of the presented work. The former include monographs, scientific articles, and statistical information. Unpublished sources are represented by relevant documents stored in the Russian State Historical Archive (RGIA). The work uses general principles of historical knowledge (principles of historicism, objectivity, etc.) and special methods of historical research, including historical and genetic.
Results and scientific novelty. The claims about the "absence" of a chemical industry in Russia before 1917, as well as the general underestimation of its impact on the economic and, consequently, social development of individual regions, ultimately contradict not only the existing fundamental works on the history of the chemical industry, published back in the 1940s – 1960s in the USSR, but also other published works. and unpublished sources. Moreover, some production facilities in this industry have not only been successfully operating for over a century and a half, but throughout this time they have had an objective impact on the dynamics of public relations in the territories of their deployment. One of such enterprises should be considered the Nizhny Novgorod (Kanavinsky) oil and techno-chemical Plant of Z.M. Persitz (later, Salolin JSC, and now the Nizhny Novgorod Fat and Oil Combine).
Key words: Industrial Revolution in Russia, the pre-revolutionary chemical industry, Z.M. Persitz, Nizhny Novgorod (Kanavinsky) oil and «techno-chemical» plant, salolin.
 
Khvan D.A.
Methodology of institutional adaptation of the political system to the challenges of the VUCA world: legacy of the past
The article is devoted to the development of a methodology for the institutional adaptation of political systems to the challenges of the VUCA world (variability, uncertainty, complexity, ambiguity). It is shown that similar conditions have occurred in different historical epochs and caused government reactions in the form of crises, reforms, wars, and technological shifts. The purpose of the work is to identify patterns of institutional adaptation and propose a model of comparative analysis. The methodological framework includes historical and political analysis and typologization of adaptation strategies. Using the example of the British Empire and the USSR, key historical reactions and their combinations are highlighted. The author's model describes the stages of institutional adaptation of the political system from crisis awareness to stabilization and allows us to extrapolate historical examples to the analysis of modern factors of the VUCA world. The conclusion is made about the importance of the historical dimension and the prospects of applying the author's model in comparative political research.
Key words: political systems, institutional adaptation, VUCA-world, variability, uncertainty, complexity, ambiguity, retrospective analysis, methodology.
 
Khubieva A.A.
Historical aspect of the formation of the institute of personal data in Russia
This article traces the historical stages of the formation of the right to privacy and protection of personal data in Russia. It begins with ancient Russian times, where the norms protecting housing and personal correspondence were first recorded, and continues with the development of legislation in the era of feudalism, Peter the Great's reforms and the 19th century, including the codification and consolidation of the secrecy of correspondence. Particular attention is paid to the Soviet period, when the rights to personal inviolability received constitutional enshrinement and international recognition, as well as the development of the institute for the protection of personal data in post-Soviet Russia. The article analyzes key regulations, starting with pre-revolutionary charters and ending with modern laws governing the processing and protection of personal data, which indicates the gradual formation of a legal system focused on protecting the personal rights and freedoms of citizens.
Key words: genesis of personal data protection and privacy, history of Russian legislation, confidentiality of correspondence, right to privacy, information security, formation of constitutional guarantees.
 
Ermishkin V.V.
Matyukhanov V.N.
Sinegubov S.N.
The formation of a consumer society in the USSR in the 1950s and 1980s as a factor of cultural and economic integration into the global capitalist system
The term "consumer society" is traditionally used to characterize capitalism as it entered a new stage after World War II. The mobilization of all state material resources during the war and the increased military spending associated with the Cold War did not fully meet the needs of the population in the post-war period. The emergence of consumer society in the USSR dates back to the 1970s, when the quality of "being" changed, people began to experience a "taste of the good life," and they demonstrated an increasing desire to improve their well-being. Objects began to be valued not only for their practical function but also for the social symbols they embodied. Consumption became a tool for self-identification, socialization, and the construction of a public self. This article examines the emergence of consumer society within the Soviet state, its characteristics, and the specifics of its development in the post-Soviet space. The relevance of this topic lies in the fact that consumer society is the dominant type of economic relations in the countries of the former USSR. The purpose of this article is to examine consumer trends as a factor in cultural and economic integration into the global capitalist system.
Key words: consumer society, socialism, capitalism, values, economy.
 
Lebedev A.L.
Lichak N.A. 
Discursive practices and everyday social realities in Soviet higher education newspapers (late 1950s – early 1960s): the YMI and YTI experience
The article examines the role of Soviet university multi edition newspapers («Za meditsinskie kadry» of the Yaroslavl Medical Institute (YMI) and «Za tekhnicheskie kadry» of the Yaroslavl Technical Institute (YTI) as historical sources for studying everyday life and institutional transformations in 1958–1965. Through analysis of publications, the study identifies key thematic areas (academic and research activities, everyday life, leisure, participation in nationwide projects) and reveals the specific discourses of technical and medical higher education institutions. The research demonstrates that university press served not only as a propaganda tool but also as a feedback channel between administration and students, documenting real life challenges and the adaptation of higher education to the reforms of the «thaw» era. The findings underscore the significance of multi edition newspapers as sources for reconstructing social practices and communication mechanisms in late Soviet society.
Key words: university press, Soviet everyday life, «thaw» period, multi edition newspapers, Yaroslavl Medical Institute, Yaroslavl Technical Institute, educational reforms, student life.
 
Kalchenko P.D.
The influence of the Nazi occupiers on the spiritual and religious worldview of children in Voroshilovgrad (1942-1943)
The article analyzes the impact of the Nazi German occupiers on the spiritual and religious worldview of children in the city of Voroshilovgrad during 1942–1943. Special attention is paid to the study of personal sources, namely written recollections of children about their experiences under Nazi German occupation. The role of religious propaganda in the use of children for forced labor is revealed. It is noted that, in order to exercise full control over the religious life of the occupied territories, the Nazi German invaders needed to “separate” the church of Voroshilovgrad from the Russian Orthodox Church. Therefore, the authorities in the city focused on the creation of autocephalies (self-governing religious organizations dependent on the Autocephalous Orthodox Church located in Kyiv). Clergy were persistently encouraged during sermons and church ceremonies to express loyal sentiments toward Adolf Hitler and the Third Reich, to emphasize the merits and significant role of the Nazi German occupiers in reopening church institutions, and to promote the allegedly correct and just policies of the new authorities in Voroshilovgrad.
The article employs systematized research methods, including historical description, the retrospective method, and the method of historical reconstruction. The study is based on comparing facts with the research of predecessors in order to determine the reliability, validity, and objectivity of the results obtained. To date, the spiritual and religious life of Voroshilovgrad during the period of Nazi German occupation in the years of the Great Patriotic War has not been comprehensively analyzed.
In the concluding part of the article, it is stated that the influence of the Nazi German occupiers on the spiritual and religious worldview of children in Voroshilovgrad was permissive in nature. The inadmissibility of distorting the scientific history of the Great Patriotic War is emphasized, as well as its significance not only as a specific stage in the life of the nation, but as part of the entire centuries-old history of the Fatherland and its future. The sense of involvement in Victory Day, which made it possible to save our country and the entire world from the threat of Nazi German enslavement, is also highlighted.
Key words: history of the Fatherland, the city of Voroshilovgrad, Nazi occupiers, spiritual and religious worldview of children, written memoirs of children.
 
Ryabova E.L.
Ternovaya L.O.
Ubuntu in global politics: an ethics of interdependence for a new era of international relations
In the context of increasing global turbulence and the crisis of the liberal world order, there is a need to find new ethical foundations for international dialogue. This article examines the influence of morality on international relations through the concepts of Finnish-Canadian political scientist Kalevi Holsti and proposes the philosophy of Ubuntu, which originated in South Africa, as an organic value system capable of serving as a bridge between civilizations. Ubuntu emphasizes interdependence, empathy, harmony, and hospitality, offering ethical models for global cooperation and peacebuilding. The article analyzes the potential of Ubuntu and other cultural-national ethical models in shaping a polycentric ethics of international relations in the 21st century.
Key words: Ubuntu, international relations, world order, ethical models, polycentric ethics, interdependence, global cooperation.
 
Yartsev S.V.
Martynenko A.Y.
The political history of the southern Thracians in foreign and domestic historiography
A cursory analysis of the literature shows that the history of the southern Thracians is poorly represented in Russian historiography. Meanwhile, the study of Thracian history in foreign science has been going on for more than a century. Almost every year, not only special and generalizing works on various issues of Thracian history are published, but also research on historiography. There were no such works in Russian, which the authors of this article tried to correct. At the same time, it was in Russia that some of the first works on this topic were published. Soviet science made an important contribution to the development of thracology. In recent years, there has been a renewed interest in this area of historical knowledge in Russia.
Key words: historiography, Thracology, southern Thracians, political history, Odrysian kingdom, Thrace.
 
Salikhov R.T.
Gali B.T.
Galiullin R.R.
Gataullina L.N.
The historical evolution of religious mysticism in Islam
This article presents a comprehensive analysis of Islamic religious mysticism (Sufism, or tasawwuf) as a multifaceted and evolving phenomenon. It traces the historical development of Sufism from its origins in early asceticism (zuhd) in the 8th–9th centuries, through the classical period of doctrinal formation, to its subsequent institutionalization into brotherhoods (tariqas). The study examines the philosophical foundations of Sufism, such as the concept of the "Oneness of Being" (wahdat al-wujud) by Ibn Arabi, and its core spiritual practices (e.g., dhikr, muraqaba). It analyzes the socio-political role of Sufi orders, using the Mevlevi order as a case study, focusing on their interaction with state power and the enduring criticism from orthodox theologians. The discussion also addresses scholarly debates on the origins of Sufism, contrasting hypotheses of its intra-Islamic roots with those emphasizing external influences.
Key words: Sufism (tasawwuf), Islamic mysticism, wahdat al-wujud, tariqa, dhikr, ma'rifa, Ibn Arabi, Al-Ghazali, Mevlevi Order.
 
Demidov A.V.
Russia and the Baltic States: a historical retrospective. Part two: Livonian War 1558–1584
The article discusses the reasons that prompted the government of Russian Tsar Ivan IV Vasilyevich to start a war in Livonia. The main reasons that led to Russia's defeat in this war are analyzed.
Key words: Livonian War, "Yuriev tribute", Tsar Ivan IV Vasilyevich, German feudal lords, Livonian Order, Grand Master, armistice, Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Union of Lublin, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Stefan Batory, Crimean Tatars, Turks.
 
Adzhieva Z.I.
Borlakova F.A.
Kulchaev B.A.
Issues of social and property differentiation of the population of Karachay and Cherkessia during the NEP years
This article examines the current issues of social and property differentiation of the population of Karachay and Cherkessia during the years of the New Economic Policy (NEP, 1921–1928). The main trends in the transformation of the social structure of the rural population in the region are analyzed, including the growth of the middle peasant class, the reduction in the share of poor peasants and farm laborers, and changes in the property status of peasant households. Special attention is paid to the challenges of statistical methodology for assessing property differentiation and the influence of economic and political factors on social stratification processes. The study identifies the specific features of regional changes characteristic of the peripheral mountainous areas of Soviet Russia during the transitional period and emphasizes their significance for understanding the development of the local economy and social policy in the 1920s.
Key words: Karachay, Cherkessia, NEP, social differentiation, property stratification, middle peasants, poor peasants, peasantry, statistics, economy, agriculture, collectivization, mountainous regions, 1920s.
 
Al Esbili F.S.M.
Al Rahabi M.A.M.
Foreign policy of the united Yemen (1990–2011)
The unification of Yemen in May 1990 marked a turning point in its geopolitical history, uniting the territories of North Yemen and South Yemen. This created a single state with a long Red Sea coastline and control over the strategic Bab el-Mandeb Strait. This transformation allowed Sana'a to adopt a multi-vector foreign policy, combining economic cooperation, naval security, and participation in multilateral initiatives. This article analyzes how unification laid the foundation for Yemen's emergence as a key player in regional processes in the Red Sea between 1990 and 2011, emphasizing its role as a "geopolitical arbitrator" between global powers and neighboring states.
This article examines the evolution of the Republic of Yemen's foreign policy in the Red Sea region between 1990 and 2011. The analysis covers the formation of geostrategic priorities after unification, the development of port infrastructure and transport corridors, naval cooperation with the US and the GCC, the fight against piracy and cross-border threats, and legal and environmental security. Particular attention is paid to multilateral mechanisms, such as joining OPEC, ratifying UNCLOS, participating in EU NAVFOR and CTF-151 operations, creating UN humanitarian corridors, and integrating Belt and Road projects. Key factors in Yemen's multi-vector strategy are identified: a balance between economic, military-political, and humanitarian interests, which has allowed Sana'a to maintain its independence and act as a "geopolitical arbiter" in complex regional conditions.
Key words: Yemen, Red Sea, foreign policy, Yemeni unification, multi-vector policy, Bab el-Mandeb.
 
Antwi B.B.
The impact of the Lomé IV Convention (IV: 1990-2000) on trade performance in Ghana
The Lomé Conventions are trade and aid agreements between the European Economic Community (EEC) and forty-six countries in Africa, the Caribbean and the Pacific (ACP). The objectives and principles of the first Lomé Convention were agreed upon in Lomé, Togo, in 1975. After that three more conventions were signed. One of the main considerations for Ghana’s participation in the Lomé IV Convention was the expectation that many structures, trade patterns and trade flows in West Africa in general, and in Ghana in particular, would change. The aim of the article was to examine the impact of the Lomé IV Convention on trade performance in Ghana, in particular, on the Ghana's exports and imports of goods and services. The data was gathered from both primary sources. The data used in this study rely mainly on the estimates of sectoral production volumes, import and export as well as trade performance as reported in the available issues of the Quarterly Digest of Statistics (Ghana Statistical Services - GSS). Nine (9) GDP data were taken from IMF and World Bank databases and updated with current data received from authorities and IMF estimates. The study shows Ghana's trade volume over the last four years of the Lomé IV Convention. With the exception of the 1998 downturn, Ghana's trade increased continuously due to the non-reciprocal character of the Lomé IV Convention. The Lomé IV Convention did not, however, increase ACP exports to the EU market, according to the data, which showed that the ACP nations' market share had actually decreased from 6.7% in 1976 to 2.8% in 1998 and then to 1.3% in 2000. This is explained by the fact that ACP state exports are not competitive. Ghana gained from the Lomé IV Convention in its early years, but its potential gains and commercial development were hindered and halted over time by the nation's reliance on agriculture in the 1990s, lack of diversification, and internal conflict.
Key words: Lomé IV Convention, Ghana, trade performance, export, import.
 
Kovalev A.V.
The influence and significance of John Locke's political doctrine
This article examines the political ideas of the renowned English thinker John Locke. The author analyzes the connections between Locke's concept and the formation of constitutional monarchy in England in the second half of the 17th and early 18th centuries, identifying the influence of such key events and processes as the English Revolution of the mid-17th century, the Restoration period, and the Glorious Revolution. The author evaluates Locke's contribution to the history of political thought. The article examines the influence of Locke's political conception on the socio-political thought of 18th-century France. The author examines the views of renowned French thinkers of the Enlightenment — Voltaire, Montesquieu, Helvetius, and Holbach — who found profound and convincing justification for the principles of constitutional monarchy in Locke's conception.
Key words: John Locke, Voltaire, S.L. Montesquieu, K.A. Helvetius, P.A. Holbach, England, France, political theory, liberalism, constitutional monarchy, enlightenment.
 
Malyshenko G.I.
Harbin military glory parade in 1945
This article examines the problem of organizing the Military Glory Parade in Harbin of Soviet troops, participants in the White Movement and anti-Japanese resistance in the People's Republic of China, Manchuria and Korea; the author analyzes the main stages of military cooperation between the USSR, China and the People's Republic of China in the fight against Japanese militarists; provides a scientific analysis of the foreign policy activities of the above-mentioned states after the collapse of the Soviet state; identifies the facts of the heroism of the internationalist soldiers.
Key words: civil war, white movement, emigration, Kwantung army, militarism, Japanese military mission, puppet state, surrender, military losses, military and political results.
 
Balde H.U.
Cooperation between Portugal and guinea-Bissau in agriculture: achievements and challenges
The article is a comprehensive analysis of cooperation between Portugal and Guinea-Bissau in the agricultural sector, exploring both the historical heritage and modern projects aimed at developing agriculture in Guinea-Bissau. The purpose of the study is to identify achievements and challenges in bilateral cooperation, as well as to propose recommendations for improving mutual work. To achieve this goal, the author uses methods of comparative analysis, empirical evaluation of programs and projects, as well as data analysis on the results of the introduction of new technologies and modernization of agricultural infrastructure.
The study highlights the importance of agriculture for both countries, especially for Guinea-Bissau, where this sector remains a major source of employment and food security. At the same time, agriculture in Guinea-Bissau is facing many challenges, such as low productivity, limited resources, lack of qualified personnel and the negative impact of climate change. The article discusses key projects and initiatives such as the modernization of irrigation systems, improvement of agricultural infrastructure, training of farmers and the introduction of new technologies.
The results showed that, thanks to cooperation with Portugal, yields in the target regions of Guinea-Bissau increased by 20-25% from 2018 to 2023. Losses of agricultural products have also been reduced from 25-30% to 10% due to improved warehouse logistics and the creation of modern irrigation systems. At the same time, projects are hampered by political instability, limited financial resources, as well as a lack of qualified specialists and weak infrastructure.
Among the significant conclusions of the article, it is possible to highlight the need to further strengthen educational programs, exchange experience and increase financing of agricultural projects with the support of international organizations. The prospects for the development of bilateral cooperation are to continue the focus on sustainable development and adaptation to climate change. It is recommended to involve international partners, such as the World Bank and FAO, to provide additional financial and technical assistance, which in the future may lead to strengthening the social and economic stability of the region and improving food security.
Key words: Portugal, Guinea-Bissau, agriculture, cooperation; sustainable development, innovative technologies, agricultural infrastructure, education, climate challenges, international organizations, IICT, ADC, FAO, UNDP, World Bank.
 
Qi Jiaxu
Comparative study of socialist law with Chinese characteristics and Russian Sovereign law
China and Russia belong to the same transition countries from a planned economy to a market economy society. Historically, Chinese law has been deeply influenced by Soviet law. The theory of the legal system was born out of the Soviet Union, and Russia, as the successor of the Soviet Union's legal rights and obligations, also adheres to Soviet theory and doctrine at the technical level of legal theory. However, law is the product of social policy. China and Russia are very different in their social reform ideas, guiding ideology, direction and goals, and there can be no doubt that there are huge differences in the theory and practice of the legal system. The Russian legal system also emphasizes “characteristics”, which is of course different from “Chinese characteristics”. In the perspective of comparative law, based on the theory of the legal system, the evolution of the Russian legal tradition can be divided into three stages before, during and after the socialist legal system. In these three stages, its legal tradition has always been divided between form and substance, and formal Westernization and substantial Russification have become a major feature of its development. The formation of this feature is closely related to various stable cultural factors such as politics, religion, and customs in the Russian civilization system. The Soviet legal system and legal theory have a profound influence on China. The contemporary socialist legal system with Chinese characteristics has a complex and diverse legal and cultural background in the process of developing from a legal system with Chinese characteristics to a system of rule of law. How to deal with the relationship between traditional and modern, foreign and local cultures is of far-reaching significance to the road of the rule of law with Chinese characteristics.
Key words: comparative law, legal sovereignty, Chinese legal system, Russian law, digital legislation, non-western legal model.
 
Cui Jianping
The struggle of the powers over the management of the Sino-Eastern Railway in 1904-1917
Russia's construction of the China Eastern Railway prevented Japan's plans to establish dominance in Northeast China and became an important reason for the outbreak of the Russian-Japanese war. After the end of the war, the balance of power between the powers in the Far East continued to change, which caused a new round of competition between them for the management of the CER. At the same time, the construction of the CER became the cause of the financial crisis in Russia, which led to the aggravation of internal contradictions. These contradictions always manifested themselves in the First World War, which eventually led to the collapse of the Russian government and the failure of Far Eastern policy.
Key words: CER, Great Powers, Politics in the Far East, Northeast China.
 
Dolgushina P.S.
Shostak V.A.
Zavorokhina N.S.
The manifestations of religious fanatism in medieval Europe through the prism of the phenomenon of total extermination of cats
The article examines the historical perception of the manifestations of religious fanaticism among Europeans in the Middle Ages through the analysis of the phenomenon of mass extermination of felines. The relevance of this issue is undeniable, as these events are traditionally viewed separately from each other, but there is a direct connection between them. The persecution of cats is often viewed as a trivial coincidence, but in order to form an objective assessment of this phenomenon, it is necessary to consider it in the context of the manifestations of religious fanaticism in Europe, which was fueled by the power of religious doctrines. The article analyzes the historical context as a medium that influenced the public consciousness of Europeans regarding their perception of cats, by comparing the attitudes of people from other countries towards felines. The study examines the phenomenon of social tension relief and the classic mechanism of finding a common enemy as a way to shift the focus away from the most pressing social issues. The purpose of the article is to explore the extermination of cats not as a consequence of historical events, but as a method of implementing the phenomenon of religious fanaticism.
Key words: Europe, extermination, felines, witches, religion, hunting, fanaticism, dogma.
 
 
 
Authors
Adzhieva Z.I., PhD in History, Associate Professor, Department of State and Administrative-Legal Disciplines, Law Institute, North Caucasus State Academy, Cherkessk.
Aibazov A.I., Assistant at the Karachay-Cherkess State University named after U.D. Aliyev.
Akkieva S.I., Institute of Humanitarian Research – branch of the Kabardino-Balkarian Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Department of Ethnology and Ethnography, Higher Scientific Research Department.
Al Esbili F.S.M., Student. Peoples' Friendship University of Russia.
Al Rahabi M.A.M., Student. Peoples' Friendship University of Russia.
Antwi B.B., Graduate student. Tomsk State University. ORCID: 0009-0007-2632-8222
Balde H.U., Postgraduate student at the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia.
Bragina E.R., Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Interdisciplinary Scientific Research. Innovations, and Training of Scientific and Pedagogical Personnel. Department of Interdisciplinary Scientific Research, Innovations, and Training of Scientific and Pedagogical Personnel, State Budgetary Institution "Institute of Economic Research", Donetsk, Donetsk People’s Republic. SPIN-code: 3135-4159
Borlakova F.A., PhD in History, Associate Professor, Department of Philosophy and Social Work, U.D. Aliyev Karachay-Cherkess State University, Karachayevsk.
Chervova A.A., Student, P.P. Ershov Ishim Teachers Training Institute (branch) of Tyumen State University.
Cui Jianping, PhD (History), Associate professor, School of Government Administration, Heiliongjiang University.
Demidov A.V., PhD in Political Science, Associate Professor. Moscow Humanitarian and Economic University.
Dolgenko A.N., Doctor of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor. Head of the Department of Russian and Foreign Languages, A.Ya. Sukharev Moscow Academy of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation.
Dolgushina P.S., Student. P.P. Ershov Ishim Pedagogical Institute (branch) Tyumen State University, Ishim.
Ermishkin V.V., Students. P.P. Yershov Ishim Pedagogical Institute (Faculty) Tyumen State University, Ishim.
Fan-Yung G.Yu., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Social and Humanitarian Disciplines, Volga Region State University of Physical Education, Sports and Tourism. Republic of Tatarstan, Kazan. ORCID: 0000-0003-4057-2209 / SPIN-code: 8275-8970 / Author ID: 57211502464
Gali B.T., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor. Kazan State Agrarian University, Kazan. SPIN-code: 5400-4697
Galiullin R.R., Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor. Naberezhnye Chelny State Pedagogical University, Naberezhnye Chelny. SPIN-code: 7370-7624
Gataullina L.N., Candidate of Sociological Sciences, Associate Professor. Kazan State Agrarian University, Kazan. SPIN-code: 2027-3278
Ilyasov V.S., Doctoral candidate at the Bulgarian Islamic Academy. Muslim religious organization, spiritual educational organization of higher education "Bulgarian Islamic Academy", Major: "Training of Ministers and Religious Personnel for Religious Organizations".
Kalchenko P.D., Postgraduate Student, Department of History. Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "V. Dahl Luhansk State University", Luhansk.
Kazantsev V.P., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Moscow Institute of Modern Academic Education.
Khvan D.A., Independent researcher.
Khubieva A.A., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Social and Scientific Disciplines, Republican State Budgetary Institution of Continuing Professional Education "Karachay-Cherkess Republican Institute for Advanced Training of Education Workers".
Kmin A.I., Bachelor, 4th year. Higher School of Pedagogy and Philology, Elabuga Institute, Kazan Federal University.
Kolesova Y.A., Student, P.P. Ershov Ishim Teachers Training Institute (branch) of Tyumen State University.
Kostina E.N., Candidate of Philosophical Sciences, Senior Lecturer of the Social and Humanitarian Disciplines Russian State University of Justice.
Kosyreva M.S., Doctor of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Foreign Languages, Order of Zhukov Novosibirsk Military National Guard Troops Institute.
Kovalev A.V., PhD (History), Associate Professor. Volgograd State Socio-Pedagogical University, Volgograd. SPIN-code: 9736-5164
Kozlov V.A., Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Novosibirsk military Institute of National Guard Troops, Novosibirsk.
Kulchaev B.A., Student, North Caucasus State Academy, Cherkessk.
Kungurova I.M., Candidate of Pedagogic Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of the Humanities and Teaching Methods, Head of the Scientific Department, P.P. Ershov Ishim Teachers Training Institute (branch) of Tyumen State University.
Lebedev A.L., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor at the Department of Humanities, Yaroslavl State Technical University, Yaroslavl.
Lichak N.A., Doctor of Culturology, Head of the Department of Humanities, Yaroslavl State Technical University, Yaroslavl.
Lonshakova D.D., Student, P.P. Ershov Ishim Teachers Training Institute (branch) of Tyumen State University.
Lytkina O.I., Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Russian and Foreign Languages, Sukharev Moscow Academy of the Investigative Committee.
Malyshenko G.I., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor. Private institution of higher education "Omsk Humanitarian Academy".
Martynenko A.Y., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Head of the Youth Policy Department, Senior Lecturer at the Economics Faculty of the Belgorod State Agricultural Univerisity named after V. Gorin.
Matyukhanova V.N., Students. P.P. Yershov Ishim Pedagogical Institute (Faculty) Tyumen State University, Ishim.
Mikheyev D.Y., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Novosibirsk military Institute of National Guard Troops, Novosibirsk.
Novichkova O.V., State Budgetary Educational Institution School No. 777. Teacher of Russian Language and Literature.
Orlov E.I., Master's student, Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk. SPIN-code: 1142-1688
Ponomarenko E.V., PhD in History, research fellow at the Research Department (Quality of Military Education) of the Research Center (Military Applied Research) of the Military University.
Popov G.G., Candidate of Economic Sciences, Research Fellow at the Moscow Institute of Modern Academic Education.
Qi Jiaxu, Altai State University, Barnaul.
Raizman V.V., Graduate Student at the Moscow Institute of Modern Academic Education.
Ryabova E.L., Doctor of Political Sciences, Editor-in-Chief of the journal “Ethnosociety and Interethnic Culture”.
Sabitova A.M., Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor. Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Elabuga Institute (Kazan), Elabuga.
Salikhov R.T., PhD in History, Associate Professor. Kazan State Agrarian University, Kazan. SPIN-code: 1382-2780
Shostak V.A., Student. P.P. Ershov Ishim Pedagogical Institute (branch) Tyumen State University, Ishim.
Sinegubov S.N., Doctor of Historical Sciences. P.P. Yershov Ishim Pedagogical Institute (Faculty) Tyumen State University, Ishim.
Skhalyakho R.A., PhD of Biological Sciences, Senior Researcher, Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera), Russian Academy of Sciences.
Stepanova P.S., FSEI of HE "Samara State Social and Pedagogical University". SPIN-code: 6554-1894 / ORCID: 0000-0001-5199-0049 / AuthorID: 905162
Temmoev I.Y., Candidate of Political Sciences, Associate Professor. V.M. Kokov Kabardino-Balkarian Agrarian University.
Ternovaya L.O., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Moscow Automobile and Highway State Technical University.
Tolokonnikova O.A., Candidate for a degree in pedagogical sciences. Saint-Petersburg State University.
Tuhvatullin A.H., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor. Kazan Federal University.
Tutaeva L.O., Senior Lecturer, Department of Russian History, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education, Ingush State University, Magas, Russian Federation.
Vasilchenko O.A., Associate Professor, Professor, Department of History, Philosophy, and Law, Amur State Humanitarian and Pedagogical University, Komsomolsk-on-Amur.
Yakhimovich S.Y., PhD in History, Associate Professor. Deputy Head of the Department of Social, Humanitarian and Economic Disciplines of the I.F. Shilov Far Eastern Law Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, Khabarovsk.
Yartsev S.V., Doctor of Historical Sciences (Advanced Doctor), Associate Professor, Professor of the Chair of History and Archeology, Tula State Lev Tolstoy Pedagogical University; leading researcher research laboratory Historical anthropology «Belgorod National Research University».
Zabbarova L.M., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor. Social and Humanitarian Disciplines. Russian State University of Justice.
Zalevskaya V.Y., Student, P.P. Ershov Ishim Teachers Training Institute (branch) of Tyumen State University.
Zavorokhina N.S., Senior lecturer. P.P. Yershov Ishim Pedagogical Institute (Faculty) Tyumen State University, Ishim.
Zubov A.Yu., Senior lecturer of the Department of History and Personnel Management. Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Saint Petersburg State University of Civil Aviation named after Chief Marshal of Aviation A.A. Novikov".
Zuev A.V., Candidate of historical sciences, Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Department of Theory and History of State and Law, Admiral Makarov State University of Maritime and Inland Shipping. SPIN-code: 5203-1404