Journals

Home

The Power Of History – The History Of Power. Volume 9. Issue 8. № 50. 2023

PDF file

 

Content

 
PHILOLOGICAL SCIENCES, LINGUISTICS
  
Yakupova G.C. Reflection of national culture in the works of G. Ishaki
12
Wang Xiaojun, Yu Zibo Translation of “Tao Te Ching” from the point of view of the theory of interlingual translation and its influence on culture
20
Isyangulova G.A., Akilova M.F. Modal words as means of expression the actual modality in the bashkir language
28
Zhang Tengfei Typical meanings of inconsistent definitions and means of their expression in modern Russian language
36
Aynur Saydu Comparison of the semantics of phraseological units with color designation in Russian and Chinese languages
43
Akhmetzadina Z.R., Iskhakova G.S. Language means of the category of negation actualization in the English language
50
Bayramova U.Y. Impersonal verbs in English
58
Al Taweel Solaf Few minerals in Biblical Hebrew
64
 
ACTUAL QUESTIONS OF HISTORICAL SCIENCES
  
Makedonsky A.V. Increasing the general educational level of the commanding staff of the Red Army in the 20-30s of the 20th century
 70
Nikolskaya A.V. Factors influencing the mass consciousness of Russians in the post-Petrine era (1725-1741)
 84
Tekeeva H.E., Chotchaeva D.R. Concept, causes and consequences of bankruptcy
 95
Kenzheva S.O., Tekeeva H.E. Accounting of the authorized capital
 108
Tekeeva L.A., Urusov G.S. Historical aspects of the development and establishment of cassation proceedings in Russia
 116
Vodyannikov K.A., Puzanov V.D. The first Siberian governor prince M.P. Gagarin in Russian historiography
 123
Egorov V.V. Anti-religious policy of the Soviet government in the north-eastern Prisurye
 138
Zhidchenko A.V. Women’s everyday life of the new Soviet city in the 1950s-60s. (based on materials from the city of Oktyabrsky, Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic)
 152
Zabbarova L.M., Merkhaidarova N.N., Tuhvatullin A.H. On the history of the formation of the Ichka Tataras
 160
Ignatenko S.V. Creation of the first Russian coastal defense ships (broadside ironclads) in the 60s of the XIX century
 168
Gozheva S., Tekeeva H.E. The importance of Small Business in the Russian Economy
 174
Buzanova N.A., Shcherbinina Yu.V., Ilyicheva K.A. Internal trade and trade relationships in Rus’ in the XIV-XVI centuries
 184
 
HISTORY OF GEOPOLITICS, INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND WORLD HISTORY
  
Vnukov A.A., Shushunova E.V. To the question of localization of the Goths-Tetraxites in the Crimea in the middle of the 5th century AD
 194
Anabude Public diplomacy as a trend in modern political relations: the experience of Russia and China
 202
Changwei Ji, Huimin Fan, Shuyan Zhao Analysis of the common characteristics of Chinese newspapers and periodicals in the Heilongjiang Region from 1912 to 1919
 208
 
Abstracts
 
234
Authors
246
 

  

EDITORIAL BOARD
Deputy. Chief Editor and Project Manager: 
Rybakov S.V., Doctor of historical sciences, professor of the history of Russian Ural Federal University.
 
Mikhailov V.A., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation, Head of the Department of National and Federal Relations of the Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation.
Dolgenko A.N., Doctor of Philology. Head of the Department of Russian and Foreign Languages at the Moscow Academy of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation.
Kovaleva N.A., Doctor of Philology, Associate Professor. Professor of the Department of Russian Language and Literature of the Institute of Foreign Languages of Nanjing University (PRC).
Nenarokova M.R., Doctor of Philology, Professor of the Department of Theory and Practice of Foreign Languages, Institute of Foreign Languages, RUDN University, Leading Researcher, Department of Classical Literature of the West and Comparative Literature. Institute of World Literature RAN. Interpreter/Translator.
Nagornova E.V., PhD in Philology, Associate Professor of the Department of Theory and Practice of Foreign Languages at the Institute of Foreign Languages of the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia.
Nikashina N.V., PhD in Philology, Associate Professor of the Department of Theory and Practice of Foreign Languages, Institute of Foreign Languages, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia.
Klimenko D.A., Candidate of Philology, specialist in Italy.
Murashko S.F., Candidate of Psychological Sciences, Professor of the Department of Russian and Foreign Languages. Moscow Academy of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation.
Ternovaya L.O., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor MADI (The Moscow Automobile and Road Construction University).
Ivakin G.A., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Expert. Deputy Director of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Psychological Institute of the Russian Academy of Education".
Naumova G.R., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor of Lomonosov Moscow State University.
Nikonov A.V., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, State Councellor of the 1st class, the Lomonosov Moscow State University.
Nechiporenko V.S., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration.
Ponomarenko B.T., Honoured worker of higher education, Professor of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration.
Letunovsky P.V., Doctor of Political Sciences, Candidate of Historical Sciences, head of the department of Humanitarian, Social and Economic Disciplines of the Russian Federation Armed Forces Army Air Defense Military Academy named after the Marshal of the A.M. Vassilevsky Soviet Union.
Varsonofiev V.V., Candidate of Political Science, Military expert.
Chapkin S.V., Honorary Academician, President of the “Academy of Ecology and Law”.
Boltenkova L.F., Doctor of Legal Sciences, Professor.
Ignatov I.S., Candidate of Political Sciences, senior advisor of justice.
Vrajnova M.N., Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor, Moscow Automobile and Road Construction University (MADI).
Honali Kurbonzoda, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Rector of the «National Institute of professional development and training of educators».
Platonova N.M., Doctor of Historical Sciences. Associate Professor of the Department “Theory and History of State and Law” of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Far Eastern State University of Communications” (Khabarovsk).

 

 

Abstracts
Yakupova G.C.
Reflection of national culture in the works of G. Ishaki
The article some aspects relating to the formation and development of the Tatar national culture, rich and diverse in themes, issues and artistic embodiment of the creativity of Gayaz Iskhaki described. Each nation living in such a multinational country as Russia has its own writers and writers, whose work included their national literature in the world literary treasury. Gayaz Iskhaki is a leader of the Tatar national movement, writer, publicist, publisher and politician. Many of the problems that he raised in his works are still relevant today not only for the Tatar people, but also for other peoples. The Great Iskhaki cared about national revival in general, he stepped over national boundaries, became a spokesman for the interests of not only his nation, and was able to rise to the level of the requirements of European culture and world civilization.
The article shows the features of the manifestation of national problems in Ishaki’s works in the context of the political history of Russia; cultural-civilizational, religious, family and marriage relations; values of Muslim culture: family, love for children, respect for women and mothers, devotion to the nation; his attitude to Tatar music. Key words: works of G. Ishaki, national culture, Tatar literature.
Key words: works of G. Ishaki, national culture, Tatar literature, Tatar family, music, Tatar woman.
 
Wang Xiaojun
Yu Zibo
Translation of “Tao Te Ching” from the point of view of the theory of interlingual translation and its influence on culture
When studying the translation of the Tao Te Ching and its cultural influence, the theory of interlingual translation provides a significant perspective and framework. As the Chinese classic with the most translations in the Western world, the Tao Te Ching has had a profound and far-reaching influence on Chinese culture as well as world culture at large. Scholars from different eras and cultures have interpreted it and created many translated texts with different points of view. Undoubtedly, the translation and implementation of the Tao Te Ching in the West contributed to the widespread dissemination of Chinese Taoist culture throughout the world. Therefore, researching the translation history of the Tao Te Ching and exploring the cultural impact of its translation and dissemination can become a starting point for research on the translation and introduction of other Chinese classics, and also contribute to the comprehensive promotion of Chinese culture throughout the world. The perspective of interlingual translation theory helps to understand the impact of translated texts belonging to different cultures on cultural communication, and also allows the characteristics of the source language culture to be taken into account in the translation process while adapting to the target language culture to achieve the goal of accurately conveying the content of the original text.
Key words: "Tao Te Ching", translation, cultural influence.
 
Isyangulova G.A.
Akilova M.F.
Modal words as means of expression the actual modality in the bashkir language
The constant interest of linguists in the study of modality is due to the fact that modality is one of the central categories of linguistics, a category expressing the speaker's attitude to the content of the utterance and the relation of the content of the utterance to reality. The ways and means of expressing the category of modality in various languages are very numerous and diverse.
In the modern Bashkir language, modal meanings are expressed by the forms of the verb mood, but they can also be realized by other means. In the Bashkir language, modal words are one of the means of expressing real modality. Modal words, as lexical and grammatical means of expressing modality, strengthen or weaken the modal content of a sentence, sometimes modify the modality of an utterance.
Key words: Bashkir language, modality, real modality, modal words.
 
Zhang Tengfei
Typical meanings of inconsistent definitions and means of their expression in modern Russian language
Issues of studying the Russian language are becoming increasingly relevant for foreign listeners and students, as the importance of the Russian language as a foreign language increases with the development and strengthening of the Russian economy and the change in the status of the Russian Federation at the international level. Russia's influence on the international community is increasing, relations with states are being established and are turning into high-quality long-term cooperation. In this regard, the features of the Russian language require coverage, study, explanation and focus, since it differs significantly, for example, from the Chinese language and others, has a complex structure, an extensive system of cases, declensions and conjugations, as well as the specificity of certain members of the sentence, including definitions that may be consistent or inconsistent.
The relevance of this work lies in the urgent need for a more thorough consideration of Russian inconsistent definitions, ways of their implementation in the modern Russian language due to significant differences from definitions of this kind in other languages and certain difficulties with their perception and understanding.
The subject of the study is Russian as a foreign language.
The object of the work is inconsistent definitions and ways of expressing them in Russian.
The novelty of the work lies in a number of recommendations developed to study the specified member of the proposal specifically in the context of foreign students.
The practical significance of the study lies in the possibility of using these recommendations in the academic process when studying Russian as a foreign language.
Key words: definitions, consistency, inconsistency, features, method of expression, linguistic content, development, perception, significance.
 
Aynur Saydu
Comparison of the semantics of phraseological units with color designation in Russian and Chinese languages
Modern comparative philological studies are increasingly popular and in demand in the scientific community, which is explained by their high efficiency and significance for scientific thought. They make it possible to identify general and specific characteristics of the languages being studied, contribute to a better learning process and the development of certain theoretical postulates of modern philological science.
One of the most interesting and little-studied areas of language is phraseology. It has always aroused increased interest among scientists and philologists due to its diversity and a certain intrigue. Stable combinations can present some difficulties for native speakers, and there may be an incorrect or not entirely correct interpretation of such units. It is comparative studies that help clarify the subtleties of such units, their functioning in different languages, reveal interesting facts about the similarities and differences in the meanings of stable combinations, their historical formation, the similarity of the cultural component, which are ultimately reflected in the language, forming phraseological words and expressions. The color scheme in stable combinations is especially interesting.
This paper examines phraseological units using color semes in the Russian and Chinese languages, determines their features and functioning in these linguistic systems.
The relevance of the work lies in the demand for Russian and Chinese languages in modern realities and, as a result, increased interest in their study.
The subject of the study is phraseological units in the Russian and Chinese languages.
The object of the study is to consider stable combinations using the color component in these languages.
The novelty of the study lies in recommendations for persons interested in studying the intricacies of Russian and Chinese phraseology.
The practical significance of the work is due to the fact that the material can be recommended to teachers, students, graduate students studying the Russian and Chinese languages, as well as methodologists for developing specialized tasks to simplify the perception of foreign language material.
Key words: comparative studies, color scheme, phraseological units, efficiency, multisystem languages, classifications.
 
Akhmetzadina Z.R.
Iskhakova G.S.
Language means of the category of negation actualization in the English language
The present article is devoted to the analysis of the category of negation as one of the universal categories characteristic of all languages in the world. Being a complex phenomenon associated with deep meanings, modality and pragmatics, negation is the focus of attention of such scientific disciplines as philosophy, logic, psychology, linguistics, etc. Despite the fact that, from the point standpoint of some scientists, negation is equated to the category of “non-existence,” it should be paid a special attention since knowledge of the world occurs through acts of acceptance and rejection, i.e. affirmation and negation. In linguistic science it seems relevant to study the means of the category of negation actualization, both explicit (marked) and implicit (unmarked).
Key words: the category of negation, the English language, explicit and implicit methods, modality, negative assessment.
 
Bayramova U.Y.
Impersonal verbs in English
The object of the study is the category of impersonality and ways of its implementation in modern English. Impersonal forms of the verb in English express action without indicating persons and numbers and cannot perform the function of a predicate in a sentence. Unlike personal forms, impersonal verbs do not change in person or number and have similar grammatical features. The novelty of the study lies in the study of their use in the modern context, taking into account the influence of digital communication. New ways of using impersonal verbs in Internet dialogues, social networks and email are analyzed. Also, researchers are studying how sociocultural changes and technological progress affect the evolution of impersonal verbs, and what new meanings they can acquire in modern communication. This research can expand our understanding of the dynamics of language in the age of digital communication and its role in shaping cultural and social norms. The grammatical meaning acts as an addition to the lexical meaning of the word and expresses various relationships (attitude to other words in a sentence, attitude to the person performing the action, attitude of the reported fact to reality and time, attitude of the speaker to the message, etc.).
Key words: infinitive, gerund, participle, verb, distinction.
 
 
Al Taweel Solaf
Few minerals in Biblical Hebrew
This article examines about few Hebrew minerals’ names that have been identified in translations as precious stones. These names did not have an exact mineralogical meaning in biblical Hebrew, and in modern language many of them are not considered as precious stones. The purpose of this article is to investigate these mineral names in different epochs of the development from classic Hebrew to modern language. This research carried out on the material for the purpose of text corpora of different historical periods of Hebrew in contextual, semantic, philological (the origin of the word, and etymological data) and comparative (comparisons between translations of different epochs) aspects. Only descriptive and comparative-historical methods were used in the study.
Key words: minerals, precious stones, Old Testament, Bible commentaries, post-biblical, medieval and modern Hebrew.
 
Makedonsky A.V.
Increasing the general educational level of the commanding staff of the Red Army in the 20-30s of the 20th century
The article is devoted to the problem of increasing the general educational level of the commanding staff of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army in the 20-30s of the 20th century. Based on unpublished archival materials, the scope and versatility of this work is shown. Its means, forms and methods are examined, successes and shortcomings are identified that affected the quality of general educational training of the command staff of the Red Army and the final results. The conclusion noted that until 1932, the problem of increasing the level of general education training among commanding officers was solved ineffectively. Since 1932, general educational training of command personnel was included in a solid organizational framework and became mandatory. The key problem of the commanding staff - their acquisition of knowledge at the level of junior high and secondary school - was solved with varying degrees of success. From 1935 to 1939, the results of work in this direction were mainly positive, but in the period from 1939 to 1941 a decline followed, and the results of the work were low.
Key words: Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, general educational level, general educational training, commanding staff, studies.
 
Nikolskaya A.V.
Factors influencing the mass consciousness of Russians in the post-Petrine era (1725-1741)
The article shows what actions of the authorities (the Supreme Privy Council) under Catherine I, Peter II and Anna Ioanovna influenced the content of mass consciousness, as well as the behavioral manifestations of this consciousness. A connection with the reforms of Peter and their influence on the consciousness of his subjects made. The main problems faced by the people and the state are described. It is shown that for the first time in the country there is a differentiation of society with the identification of a social group that defends its class interests and is capable of self-organization. With the help of historical reconstruction, hypotheses are put forward regarding the content of the consciousness of the common people and the prevailing emotional background. The immaturity of society and its unwillingness to defend its rights in connection with the historically established autocratic system, which does not consider the population as a partner, are shown. It is shown that Peter's reforms began to change the system of values and norms of behavior, but new values were not developed among the masses, which made it difficult to regulate social relations, and could not create a demand among the common people for power in accordance with mass ideas.
Key words: mass consciousness, class consciousness, values, self-organization, mass sentiments.
 
Tekeeva H.E.
Chotchaeva D.R.
Concept, causes and consequences of bankruptcy
Bankruptcy carries problems not only for the organization, but also for its creditors, who may be left without the opportunity to receive their funds. In accordance with the law, creditors can initiate a bankruptcy process if the company is not able to pay off its debts on time. Taking the right approach and controlling financial resources can help avoid bankruptcy and keep businesses in a thriving state. Bankruptcy proceedings are the final stage of inefficient work. But the bankruptcy process can be predicted in advance, which allows measures to prevent it.
Key words: bankruptcy, financial condition, forecasting, insolvency, fictitious bankruptcy, intentional bankruptcy, bankruptcy trustee.
 
Kenzheva S.O.
Tekeeva H.E.
Accounting of the authorized capital
Currently, there is no common understanding and interpretation of the term «authorized capital» in the scientific literature, both among lawyers and economists. According to some experts, the authorized capital is an abstract, conditional value fixed in the charter and used to establish certain control ratios (net assets). «The authorized capital with a certain degree of conditionality can be interpreted as an obligation to the owner for the fixed and working capital allocated to the enterprise». «The authorized capital is traditionally perceived as a purely nominal (countable) amount expressed in money, determined for the purposes of periodic correlation with it the value of the net assets of a business company».
Key words: accounting, reserve, equity capital of the enterprise.
 
Tekeeva L.A.
Urusov G.S.
Historical aspects of the development and establishment of cassation proceedings in Russia
The article examines the historical aspects of the development and establishment of cassation proceedings in Russia as one of the most important institutions for reviewing court decisions; its evolution in Russian procedural law; the changes introduced by the Federal Law of November 29, 2018 N 451-FZ were considered.
Key words: cassation courts of general jurisdiction, historical aspect, justice, organization of the trial, review of court decisions.
 
Vodyannikov K.A.
Puzanov V.D.
The first Siberian governor prince M.P. Gagarin in Russian historiography
The article deals with the problem of studying and evaluating the personality of the first governor of Siberia in Russian historiography. The issue of changing ideas about the activities and role of the personality of M.P. Gagarin over time. For many years, domestic historical science has not formed a more or less complete and comprehensive assessment of the activities of this more than outstanding, for his time, statesman. However, despite the general fame of the accomplishments of Prince Gagarin, his personality in many ways still remains one of the most mysterious in Russian history. In the works of Russian historians, two points of view can be distinguished on the activities of the first Siberian governor. The first adhered to the official interpretation and supported the prince's accusations of squandering, embezzlement and separatism. This assessment was adhered to by both the first researchers of M.P. Gagarin as governor of the Siberian province (F.I. Stralenberg, V.N. Tatishchev, P.A. Slovtsov), and subsequent generations of historians (S.M. Solovyov, P.N. Milyukov, N.G. Putintsev) . The second point of view appeared at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century and tried to rethink the results of M.P. Gagarin, bringing to the fore his merits in the management and development of the Siberian province (G.E. Katanaev, A.N. Kopylov, M.O. Akishin, G.V. Shebaldina). At the same time, the prince's accusations are either strongly criticized or partially questioned. After studying the assessment of the activity and the role of the personality of M.P. Gagarin on the management of Siberia as the first governor of this vast region, it should be noted the importance of further research on this topic. In order to displace historiographic labels and misconceptions, documentary research based on the publication of archival sources should be carried out.
Key words: M.P. Gagarin, governor, Siberia, Siberian province, Peter I, inquiry, provincial reform, history of Siberia, 18th century, historiography.
 
Egorov V.V.
Anti-religious policy of the Soviet government in the north-eastern Prisurye
The article is devoted to the study of the relationship between the Soviet government, the Russian Orthodox Church and Orthodox communities in the Yadrinsky district of the Kazan province - the Vurnarsky district of the Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (hereinafter - the Cha SSR) in 1917–1932. These territories are located in the north-eastern Prisurye. This topic has been little studied. The author’s involvement of a wide range of sources not previously introduced into scientific circulation ensured the novelty of the research. Particular attention is paid to the existence and liquidation of the Koshlaush convent in the Yadrinsky district - Vurnarsky district in the first years of Soviet power. It is noted that this monastery was liquidated by decision of local Soviet authorities in agreement with the central authorities. The fate of the Koshlaushsky convent is compared with the fate of the Pokrovsky convent, located in the Kurmysh district of the Simbirsk province - Pilninsky district of the Nizhny Novgorod region, because both of these monasteries were located in the Sursky territories, not far from each other. Special attention in the article is paid to the relationship between the Orthodox communities of the Yadrinsky district of the Kazan province - the Vurnarsky district of the Chaos SSR and the Soviet government. The situation of these Orthodox communities is compared with the situation of the Orthodox communities of the Pilninsky district of the Nizhny Novgorod region. The Soviet government used a set of methods to neutralize the influence of the Russian Orthodox Church on society and exclude the Orthodox Church from the sphere of state-power relations. The Soviets did not lose sight of the influence that the Church had on society and the great importance of the Russian Orthodox Church for the population. The Soviet authorities feared that the Orthodox Church was connected with the former tsarist regime and could act against the Soviets. The Soviet government sought to break the connection between the Russian Orthodox Church and society. The relations developing between the Soviet government and the Orthodox Church in the Yadrinsky district of the Kazan province - ChA USSR, are a micromodel of the relationship between the government and the Russian Orthodox Church in the country.
Key words: Russian Orthodox Church, Soviet power, atheism, Standing Commission on Cults under the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the USSR, anti-religious policy, Vurnarsky rik, Koshlausky Alexander Convent, Trinity Church p. Koslaus.
 
Zhidchenko A.V.
Women's everyday life of the new Soviet city in the 1950s-60s. (based on materials from the city of Oktyabrsky, Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic)
The article is devoted to the analysis of women's everyday life in the new Soviet city in the 1950-60s. (based on materials from the city of Oktyabrsky, Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic). The main sources were materials from periodicals and the memoirs of old residents of the city collected by the author. The conditional working hypothesis of the study was to prove or disprove the fact of an insurmountable distance between the real and ideal models of women’s everyday life in new Soviet cities. The key conclusion concerns the identification of a number of factors that influenced the difference in the models of ideal and real everyday life, including the formation of the urban environment and the conditions of shortage of many goods and services, characteristic of the planned Soviet economy, with “declared abundance”.
Key words: city, women’s everyday life, everyday life, urban anthropology, history of the USSR.
 
Zabbarova L.M.
Merkhaidarova N.N.
Tuhvatullin A.H.
On the history of the formation of the Ichka Tataras
The issues of the formation of the Ichka Tatars at the end of the 16th - beginning of the 17th centuries, belonging to the type of territorial ethnographic groups, are considered. The Ichkinsky Tatars are carriers of an independent Ichkinsky dialect of the middle dialect. Due to their ethnocultural characteristics, the Ichkinsky Tatars are included in the Trans-Ural region (forming, along with some other groups, the northern subdistrict). The Ichkinsky Tatars are carriers of an independent Ichkinsky dialect of the middle dialect. But this dialect experienced a certain influence from both the Western and Eastern dialects of the Tatar language, and the Bashkir language.
The main ethnic components of the Ichkin Tatars, who come from various groups of Kazan Tatars, are revealed.
Key words: Ichka Tatars, Trans-Urals, Bashkirs, baptism, ethno-cultural features.
 
Ignatenko S.V.
Creation of the first Russian coastal defense ships (broadside ironclads) in the 60s of the XIX century
The article reflects the main historical stages of the creation of the first broadside ironclads of the defensive fleet in the second half of the XIX century. The significance of the research results lies in the search, study, analysis and systematization of information material presented in literature and historical sources, which allowed us to draw a reasonable conclusion about the importance of the stage of creating ships of this class from the point of view of the emergence of a new domestic shipbuilding school, as well as obtaining invaluable experience by Russian shipbuilders in iron shipbuilding.
Key words: defensive fleet, Russia, coastal defense, military shipbuilding, Russian Imperial Fleet, historical path.
 
Gozheva S.
Tekeeva H.E.
The importance of Small Business in the Russian Economy
The article considers the state's strategy in promoting small business and its importance in the regions, the main characteristics of small business, opportunities and advantages, as well as the challenges and problems it faces. Federal, regional programs for the development of small businesses for young people and the formation of enterprises to stimulate economic development in each region of the country are being considered.
Key words: small business, state, strategy, small enterprise, mechanism, competition, perspective.
 
Buzanova N.A.
Shcherbinina Yu.V.
Ilyicheva K.A.
Internal trade and trade relationships in Rus' in the XIV-XVI centuries
Trade relations are an integral part of the country's economy, they have a huge impact on all aspects of the life of the state. This article examines domestic trade in the period from the XIV to the XVI centuries. This period is important for studying, since it is at this time that trade is restored in Russia after the Tatar-Mongol invasion. The main purpose of the work is to consider the peculiarities of trade relations in the Russian lands, to explore trade routes, to trace the growth of handicraft production, to pay special attention to the appearance of fairs. In the course of the research, legislative acts, narrative sources, as well as foreign sources were used, which helped to look at the organization of Russian life activity from the outside.
Key words: domestic trade, artisans, fair, monastery, merchants, trade and money relations.
 
Vnukov A.A.
Shushunova E.V.
To the question of localization of the Goths-Tetraxites in the Crimea in the middle of the 5th century AD
In the article, based on the analysis of written and material sources, the authors localised the area of settlement of the Goths-Tetraxites, information about which was by the early Byzantine historian of the 6th century Procopius of Caesarea. In the opinion of researchers, the preferred place of Gothic dislocation in the middle of the 5th - the first quarter of the 6th century in Crimea is the Azov steppes of the Kerch Peninsula. It was at this time that the settlement of Belinskoye, which became a base for the Goths-Federates in Hunnish times, continued to exist here. During the last few years of research of the settlement, the periods of the history of the functioning of the fortress were substantially corrected. The archaeological material gives the right to believe that life continued at the site throughout the Vth century. The authors believe that it was the population of Belinskoye that turned out to be the very Goths-Tetraxites who fought back the invading Huns. There is a probability that the defence of the Goths was organised in one of the passages functioning at that time through the Uzunlar rampart, in the vicinity of the Kazantip Bay. The circumstances related to the economic specialisation of the nomads, as well as reconstructions of the movement of earlier nomads in the steppes of Eastern Crimea also indirectly point to this place of clash. The authors believe that future research at the Belinskoye settlement will confirm their hypothesis.
Key words: Crimea, Goths-Tetraxites, Trapezites, Huns, Belinskoye settlement, Uzunlar rampart.
 
Anabude
Public diplomacy as a trend in modern political relations: the experience of Russia and China
The article considers the features of public diplomacy used by Russia and China in the modern international space. In the process of the research the similar and distinctive features of communicative strategies of the two countries are highlighted, specific examples and spheres of interaction are given.
Key words: public diplomacy, China, Russia, Internet.
 
Changwei Ji
Huimin Fan
Shuyan Zhao
Analysis of the common characteristics of Chinese newspapers and periodicals in the Heilongjiang Region from 1912 to 1919
After the establishment of the Republic of China, there was a nationwide trend of running newspapers and periodicals, and due to the rampant plundering by foreign powers in the Heilongjiang region, it sparked people's enthusiasm for running newspapers and periodicals to save the country. The development of new education expanded the potential audience for newspaper reading, and with the improvement of urbanization, the demand for cultural information in newspapers and periodicals among urban residents also increased. Therefore, during this period, the number of official newspapers and periodicals increased, resulting in both traditional comprehensive government official newspapers as well as the establishment of various professional official newspapers. Meanwhile, private newspapers and periodicals not only had an increasing number and different types, but also presented rich content and flexible forms, with good social response. In addition, political party newspapers and periodicals such as the Aihei Gazette and the Biansheng Daily were established during this period. Due to the frequent occurrence of geopolitical conflicts and the diversification of social and economic development, during this period, Chinese newspapers and periodicals exhibited common characteristics such as imbalance, enlightenment, innovation, and fragility, and held a historical position as a connecting link in the history of regional newspapers and periodicals.
Key words: Heilongjiang region, Chinese newspapers and periodicals, private newspapers and periodicals, Heilongjiang Times, Heilongjiang Gazette, Aihei Gazette, Biansheng Daily.
 
 
 
Authors
Akhmetzadina Z.R., Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor, Faculty of Pedagogy, Sibay Institute (branch) of Ufa University of Science and Technology.
Akilova M.F., Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Oriental Studies and Bashkir Linguistics, Ufa University of Science and Technology.
Al Taweel Solaf, Applicant, Saint Petersburg State University.
Anabude, Postgraduate, Zhongnan university of economics and law.
Aynur Saydu, Master. Yili Normal University.
Bayramova U.Y., Doctor of Philosophy in Philology, Department of Lexis and Regional Studies, Ganja State University.
Buzanova N.A., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor. Tambov State University G.R. Derzhavin. Faculty of History, World Politics and Sociology.
Changwei Ji, PhD in history, lecturer at Heihe University, mainly engaged in the regional history of Northeast China and the history of journalism. College of Culture and Tourism, Heihe University, Heihe, Heilongjiang, China.
Chotchaeva D.R., FSBEI HE "North Caucasus State Academy.
Egorov V.V., Teacher of history and social studies of the highest qualification category of the Municipal Autonomous Educational Institution “School № 79 named after. Nikolai Alekseevich Zaitsev".
Gozheva S., FGBOU VO "North Caucasus State Academy".
Huimin Fan, Manchu ethnic group, PhD in pedagogy, associate professor, mainly engaged in research fields such as deep learning. School of Educational Science, Heihe University, Heihe, Heilongjiang, China.
Ignatenko S.V., lecturer of the Department of International Maritime Law, Saint-Petersburg State Marine Technical University.
Ilyicheva K.A., Student. Tambov State University G.R. Derzhavin. Faculty of History, World Politics and Sociology.
Iskhakova G.S., 4th year student of the Faculty of Pedagogy, Sibay Institute (branch) of Ufa University of Science and Technology.
Isyangulova G.A., Doctor of Philology, Professor of the Department of Oriental Studies and Bashkir Linguistics, Ufa University of Science and Technology.
Kenzheva S.O., FGBOU VO "North Caucasus State Academy".
Makedonsky A.V., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, State University of Land Use Planning.
Merkhaidarova N.N., Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Senior Lecturer. Russian State University of Justice.
Nikolskaya A.V., Assistant Professor of Psychology department, Candidate of Science, Kosygin Russian State University.
Puzanov V.D., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Department of History and Law, Shadrinsk State Pedagogical University.
Shcherbinina Yu.V., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor. Tambov State University G.R. Derzhavin. Faculty of History, World Politics and Sociology.
Shushunova E.V., Lecturer of the Department of History and Archaeology of Lev Tolstoy Tula State Pedagogical University.
Shuyan Zhao, Office of Academic Affairs, Heihe University, Heihe, Heilongjiang, China.
Tekeeva H.E., PhD, Associate Professor, FSBOU VO North Caucasus State Academy (FSBOU VO SKGA), Cherkessk.
Tekeeva L.A., PhD, Associate Professor of the Department of Civil Law and Procedure. Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "North Caucasus State Academy".
Tuhvatullin A.H., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor. Kazan Federal University.
Urusov G.S., Student. Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "North Caucasus State Academy".
Vnukov A.A., Assistant of the Department of History and Archaeology of Lev Tolstoy Tula State Pedagogical University.
Vodyannikov K.A., Postgraduate, Department of History and Law, Shadrinsk State Pedagogical University.
Wang Xiaojun, PhD. Doctor of Philosophy, Associate Professor, Head of the Russian Language Dep. Yancheng Pedagogical University, Yancheng, China.
Yakupova G.C., Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Foreign Languages, Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine.
Yu Zibo, Guangzhou Southern University Institute of Foreign Languages, Guangzhou, China.
Zabbarova L.M., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor. Social and Humanitarian Disciplines of the Russian State University of Justice.
Zhang Tengfei, Bachelor. Tianjin Normal University.
Zhidchenko A.V., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Senior Researcher, Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology named after N.N. Miklouho-Maclay RAS.