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The Power Of History – The History Of Power. Volume 11. Issue 4. № 62. 2025

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PHILOLOGICAL SCIENCES, LINGUISTICS
  
Berezovskaya A.A., Saburova N.A. Mitigation in a lawyer’s speech as a means of action (based on selected speeches of Fyodor Nikiforovich Plevako)
12
Gabitov A.I. The problem of Polysemy of English prepositions using the example of the prepositions to and in in the context of a journalistic text
20
Egorova M.R., Tutynyn K.F. Translation adequacy in political journalism: stylistic analysis and interlingual transfer
26
Lugovskaya M.Yu. Graphic experiment: semantic polyfunctionality of the hyphen in the design of lexical-syntactic occasionalisms
32
Zapata T.A. Lexical Features of the Spanish Language in Venezuela
41
Sinkina A.V., Shalamova O.O. Blended learning as the way of developing foreign language speech competence among students of Language University
47
Zhang Mo The Philosophical Origins of the Semantic Category of “Causativity” and Its Generic Category “Causality” in Russian and Chinese: Commonalities and Differences
54
Ivanov A.Yu., Kallaur V.S. Selection of lexical units and methods of translation of socio-political Korean texts into Russian
62
 
HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND GENERAL HISTORY
  
Martirosyan V.B.M. Features of Franco-Russian relations: Napoleon and Alexander (1801-1805)
 73
Itsa Okoura Profith Mell Justice Problems and challenges of peacekeeping missions: Discussion of the main problems faced by UN peacekeepers in the Central African Republic, including security, financing and political support
 79
Khramov I.Yu. The evolution of the Black Lives Matter movement: from protest actions to the emergence of the national Black Lives Matter global network organization in 2013-2014
 88
Vorozhtsova A.A. ‘Little Venice’ on the banks of the Orinoco: the origin and evolution of the toponym ‘Venezuela’
 97
Martirosyan V.B.M. Anglo-Spanish War 1585-1604 - English counterstrike and end of the war
 103
Fattakhov D.A., Fattakhov A.Z. Conceptual model of innovative control instruments in the financial sphere
 109
Timokhova E.G. Japan as a global actor: perception of “ours” and “alien” in the international arena
 116
Moskalchuk D.A. Formation of Kosovo national identity in 1990-2000s
 121
Martirosyan V.B.M. Anglo-Spanish War 1585-1604 - The Defeat of “Spanish Armada”
 128
Zhurba V.V. The transformation of the UK coal industry in the 80s of the twentieth century: comparative analysis with the experience of foreign countries
 134
Gashimli M.A. The impact of socio-political processes within turkish society in the second half of the 20th century on the formation of national identity concepts
 142
Voronov I.I. The impact of NATO Expansion on military-technical cooperation between the USA and Poland (1989-2017)
 152
Martirosyan V.B.M. Prerequisites of the Anglo-Spanish War 1585-1604
 161
 
ACTUAL QUESTIONS OF HISTORICAL SCIENCES
  
Ajigova A.M. Ingush society during the revolution and the Civil War (1917-1920)
 167
Babenko O.V. Experiments of the Italian fascists in the field of art and politics. Rec. ad op.: Gaborik P. Mussolini’s theatre: fascist experiments in art and politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021. 312 p.
 176
Ivaschenko T.S., Tarasov I.E. Documentary films in educational regional studies (based on the example of the TV series “Historical Chronicles of Yugra”)
 181
Mikhaelis S.I., Mikhaelis D.V. Coverage of personnel training issues for the railway industry in the periodical press of Siberia: analysis of materials from the regional press of the Soviet period
 193
Shakhalieva F.B. The socio-economic situation in Kabarda and Balkaria on the eve of the February revolution of 1917
 203
Kistenev V.V., Drozhzhina L.I. Specificity of the formation of folk culture in the Belgorod region: historical aspect
 212
 
Abstracts
 
232
Authors
244
 

  

EDITORIAL BOARD
Deputy. Chief Editor and Project Manager: 
Ternovaya L.O., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Moscow Automobile and Road Construction University.
Rybakov S.V., Doctor of historical sciences, Associate Professor of the history of Russian Ural Federal University.
 
Mikhailov V.A., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation, Head of the Department of National and Federal Relations of the Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation.
Dolgenko A.N., Doctor of Philology. Head of the Department of Russian and Foreign Languages at the Moscow Academy of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation.
Kovaleva N.A., Doctor of Philology, Associate Professor. Professor of the Department of Russian Language and Literature of the Institute of Foreign Languages of Nanjing University (PRC).
Nenarokova M.R., Doctor of Philology, Professor of the Department of Theory and Practice of Foreign Languages, Institute of Foreign Languages, RUDN University, Leading Researcher, Department of Classical Literature of the West and Comparative Literature. Institute of World Literature RAN. Interpreter/Translator.
Nagornova E.V., PhD in Philology, Associate Professor of the Department of Theory and Practice of Foreign Languages at the Institute of Foreign Languages of the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia.
Nikashina N.V., PhD in Philology, Associate Professor of the Department of Theory and Practice of Foreign Languages, Institute of Foreign Languages, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia.
Klimenko D.A., Candidate of Philology, specialist in Italy.
Murashko S.F., Candidate of Psychological Sciences, Professor of the Department of Russian and Foreign Languages. Moscow Academy of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation.
Ternovaya L.O., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor MADI (The Moscow Automobile and Road Construction University).
Ivakin G.A., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Expert. Deputy Director of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Psychological Institute of the Russian Academy of Education".
Naumova G.R., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor of Lomonosov Moscow State University.
Nikonov A.V., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, State Councellor of the 1st class, the Lomonosov Moscow State University.
Nechiporenko V.S., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration.
Ponomarenko B.T., Honoured worker of higher education, Professor of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration.
Letunovsky P.V., Doctor of Political Sciences, Candidate of Historical Sciences, head of the department of Humanitarian, Social and Economic Disciplines of the Russian Federation Armed Forces Army Air Defense Military Academy named after the Marshal of the A.M. Vassilevsky Soviet Union.
Varsonofiev V.V., Candidate of Political Science, Military expert.
Chapkin S.V., Honorary Academician, President of the “Academy of Ecology and Law”.
Boltenkova L.F., Doctor of Legal Sciences, Professor.
Ignatov I.S., Candidate of Political Sciences, senior advisor of justice.
Vrajnova M.N., Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor, Moscow Automobile and Road Construction University (MADI).
Honali Kurbonzoda, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Rector of the «National Institute of professional development and training of educators».
Platonova N.M., Doctor of Historical Sciences. Associate Professor of the Department “Theory and History of State and Law” of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Far Eastern State University of Communications” (Khabarovsk).

 

 

Abstracts
Berezovskaya A.A.
Saburova N.A.
Mitigation in a lawyer's speech as a means of action (based on selected speeches of Fyodor Nikiforovich Plevako)
The article is devoted to the analysis of means of communicative mitigation in the speech activity of a lawyer. The object of study in the work is mitigation in the speech of a lawyer. The aim of the study is to identify the means of implementing the mitigative strategy (strategy of communicative softening) of speech and its main tactics. The material was selected speeches of the famous Russian lawyer and orator F.N. Plevako (1842-1908). The methods of discursive, stylistic and linguopragmatic analysis are used in the research. As a result of the study of F.N. Plevako’s speeches, the following tactics were identified and described: fascinative tactics, tactics of emphasizing the client’s positive qualities and mitigating circumstances, tactics of appealing to emotions, tactics of deictic deactualization, avoiding a direct answer, using mitigating lexical means (euphemisms), modal verbs and particles, passive voice and impersonal constructions. The complex use of various means of communicative mitigation helps to strengthen the impact of the lawyer’s argumentation in judicial discourse. In a lawyer's speech, such flexibility in the application of tactics that implement a mitigative strategy becomes key to the implementation of the intentions necessary for the party to judicial defense: shifting the focus of attention of the jury, bringing to the forefront the positive aspects of the client, indicating that the defendant committed the crime under the influence of passion, external forces and difficult circumstances.
Key words: communicative softening, mitigation, communicative strategy, tactics, advocacy discourse.
 
Gabitov A.I.
The problem of Polysemy of English prepositions using the example of the prepositions to and in in the context of a journalistic text
This research aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the semantic components of English spatial prepositions. The semantics of English prepositions are closely linked to the issues of monosemy, polysemy and syntagmatic relations due to the extremely high degree of contextualization of their semantic meanings. The meaning of prepositions is inherently complex, encompassing aspects of dimensionality, abstraction, and physicality. This study examines the interrelationship between prepositions and other elements of the sentence through the lens of image schemas, as proposed by A. Cienki, and the theoretical framework established by R. Langacker. The concepts of "trajector," "landmark," and "path" are employed to identify and describe the spatial, dynamic, and abstract characteristics of prepositions found in the texts of journalistic writing. This paper proposes to use this method of analysis in syntagmatic research.
Key words: spatial prepositions, image-schemas, trajectory, landmark, path, polysemy, semantics.
 
Egorova M.R.
Tutynyn K.F.
Translation adequacy in political journalism: stylistic analysis and interlingual transfer
The article examines stylistic aspects of achieving translation adequacy in politically charged publicistic texts from English to Russian. Based on an analysis of a corpus including speeches by political leaders, international organization materials, and media publications (2010–2025), key stylistic devices influencing the transmission of ideological nuance, emotional tone, and authorial stance are identified: metaphors, hyperboles, evaluative constructions, and clichés. Particular emphasis is placed on comparisons with Western translation practices, highlighting cultural and linguistic differences. The findings are applicable to teaching translation studies, developing interlingual communication standards, and analyzing the evolution of stylistic norms under digitalization.
Key words: translation adequacy, political publicistic texts, stylistic devices, interlingual transfer, corpus linguistics, digitalization of translation, Russian culture.
 
Lugovskaya M.Yu.
Graphic experiment: semantic polyfunctionality of the hyphen in the design of lexical-syntactic occasionalisms
M.I. Tsvetaeva's lexical and syntactic accidents have a hyphenated spelling. The use of a hyphen has a great semantic load. The hyphen is a powerful means of expressiveness of Tsvetaev's texts and accumulates many functions that make the artistic text more complex, multidimensional and interesting to read and interpret. Among the most important functions is the iconism of lexical and syntactic accidents, formed by a hyphen. Also, the hyphen inside the lexical-syntactic occasionalism enhances the expression of neoplasms, redistributes the linguistic masses, transferring syntactic constructions to the rank of lexical ones, forms internal grammatical connections in lexical-syntactic occasionalisms. Sections of the text marked with lexical and syntactic accidents are characterized by the presence of important artistic tasks. As part of folklore lexical and syntactic units, the hyphen performs rhythmically organizing and rhythmically informative functions.
Key words: occasional, lexical and syntactic occasional, hyphen, continuous hyphen, composite, composition formation, composite seam, iconic sign.
 
Zapata T.A.
Lexical Features of the Spanish Language in Venezuela
This article examines the importance of national varieties of the Spanish language as a reflection of the cultural specificity of the Spanish-speaking countries of Latin America and the preservation of its lexical diversity.
Key words: national variety of the Spanish language, local dialect, vernacular, interaction and enrichment of cultures, care for language.
 
Sinkina A.V.
Shalamova O.O.
Blended learning as the way of developing foreign language speech competence among students of Language University
The article is dedicated to the problem of using blended learning, which is the object of this study, for formation of foreign language speech competence among students of a language university. As the aim of the study, the authors analyze some of the models of blended learning in terms of their effectiveness in formation of foreign language speech competence among students of a language university and the most effective one of them for realization of this task is revealed. The authors consider the disadvantages of learning in online format and the arguments in favor of using blended learning in modern realities of education are given. Also, the conclusion about the selection of the Flipped Classroom model as the most effective in application at foreign language classes for developing foreign language speech competence within university is substantiated, that, in turn, is the novelty of this study.
Key words: foreign language speech competence, online learning, blended learning, models of blended learning, the Flipped Classroom.
 
Zhang Mo
The philosophical origins of the semantic category of “causativity” and its generic category “causality” in Russian and Chinese: commonalities and differences
For a comparative analysis of different languages, the correct choice of an invariant is of primary importance, as it enables a coherent and consistent analysis. This task becomes particularly challenging when comparing languages that differ significantly in their structure, such as Russian and Chinese. In such cases, the semantic category proves to be a more practical choice than a grammatical (formal) one. Since languages serve as tools for expressing human thought based on the observation of the world, they should, in essence, convey the same meanings—after all, the object of observation, the material world, remains the same. However, even though the object of language is identical, the perception and generalization of this object differ due to internal variations in thinking and mentality among people. As a result, the process and outcome of abstracting a particular relation or phenomenon will inevitably differ. Consequently, (1) minor discrepancies arise in interpreting and defining a given semantic or conceptual model—particularly evident in the concept of causality, as it is abstract and intangible, and thus not entirely grounded in the material world; and (2) depending on the worldview encoded in a language, there will be differences in preferences (such as explicating or implicating certain elements) even when expressing the same semantic category.
Key words: comparative linguistics, semantic category, causality, invariant, Russian language, Chinese language, worldview, abstraction.
 
Ivanov A.Yu.
Kallaur V.S.
Selection of lexical units and methods of translation of socio-political Korean texts into Russian
The article is devoted to the problems of choosing lexical units and effective methods of translating Korean socio-political texts into Russian. The difficulties arising in conveying meanings characteristic of Korean culture and the political and legal system of South Korea are analyzed, and specific recommendations for overcoming translation difficulties are offered. The authors highlight the characteristic features of the style of official documents, the peculiarities of the use of terms and idiomatic expressions, paying attention to the nuances of conveying the subjective-modal assessment and emotional-expressive shades of the original text. The issues of equivalence, preserving the stylistic coloring of the original and adapting the content of the text to the peculiarities of perception of the Russian-speaking reader are studied. The article is addressed to practitioners involved in the translation of socio-political texts, as well as researchers in the field of comparative linguistics and translation studies.
Key words: Korean language, Russian language, translation, socio-political texts.
 
Martirosyan V.B.M.
Features of Franco-Russian relations: Napoleon and Alexander (1801-1805)
This article is devoted to the study of peculiarities of the development of Franco-Russian relations in the late XVIII - early XIX centuries. The object of this study is Russian-French relations at the turn of the XVIII-XIX centuries. The subject of this study is contradictions in Russian-French relations in the late XVIII - early XIX centuries. The main conclusions of the study are the conclusions about the importance of the role of the personal conflict between Napoleon Bonaparte and Alexander I.
Key words: Third Coalition, Napoleon Bonaparte, Alexander I, Ulm, Austerlitz.
 
Itsa Okoura Profith Mell Justice
Problems and challenges of peacekeeping missions: Discussion of the main problems faced by UN peacekeepers in the Central African Republic, including security, financing and political support
The article examines the activities of the United Nations in the framework of ensuring security in conflict regions of the African continent. Using the example of the Central African Republic, the genesis of one of the violent armed conflicts that created the conditions for a peacekeeping mission is considered. The process of implementing the peacekeeping process is presented as a complex and multidisciplinary task. The author presents the problematic aspects of the activities of UN observers. The issues of ensuring the security and financing of missions, as well as the conditions for their political support from the international community of states, were considered.
Key words: Central African Republic, UN Security Council, observation mission, armed conflict, peacekeeping contingent, African continent.
 
Khramov I.Yu.
The evolution of the Black Lives Matter movement: from protest actions to the emergence of the national Black Lives Matter global network organization in 2013-2014
The article examines the evolution of the Black Lives Matter (BLM) protest movement in 2013-2014 from grassroots street actions to the formation of a national organization Black Lives Matter Global Network (BLMGN) in the United States. For the analysis, the author used journalistic materials of periodicals, memoirs of the movement's participants, statistical sources, and publications of organizations related to the BLM movement, which have not been previously involved in the research. The study argues that the 2014 protests in the city of Ferguson allowed several civic activists to emerge as leaders of the movement. In public policy, these individuals sought different ways to build leadership, resulting in the formation of a national BLMGN organization with several chapters across the United States.
Key words: Black Lives Matter movement, social movement, racism, black movement.
 
Vorozhtsova A.A.
‘Little Venice’ on the banks of the Orinoco: the origin and evolution of the toponym ‘Venezuela’
This article is devoted to the study of the toponym ‘Venezuela’ as a reflection of the country's ethnopolitical development in the 15th and first half of the 16th centuries. Using an interdisciplinary approach, the author combines linguistic and historical analysis to trace the relationship between changes in the names of territories and the emergence of national identity. Particular attention is paid to the discussion of the genesis of the toponym itself, where two main versions are considered: the ‘Venetian’ and the indigenous. Based on documents from the colonial period, the article shows when and how the term ‘Venezuela’ was administratively established.
Key words: Latin America, Venezuela, Conquest, Great Geographical Discoveries.
 
Martirosyan V.B.M.
Anglo-Spanish War 1585-1604 - English counterstrike and end of the war
This article is devoted to the study of events following the defeat of the "invincible armada" in August 1588. The object of this study is relations between Britain and the Spanish Habsburg Empire in the period from 1588 to 1604. The subject of this study is actions of the English and Spanish fleets in the last stage of the Anglo-Spanish War of 1585-1604. The main conclusions of the study are the rethinking the states of affairs of the Spanish and English crown following the war of 1585-1604, which are usually depicted unequivocally in the key of the superiority of the English early capitalist system over the regressive feudalism of the Spanish Empire.
Key words: Spanish Empire, England, Armada, Noris, Santader, La Coruña, Drake's expedition.
 
Fattakhov D.A.
Fattakhov A.Z.
Conceptual model of innovative control instruments in the financial sphere
Energy resources played a key role in World War II, shaping military strategies and determining the outcome of many operations. Access to fuel became a factor on which the combat capability of the armies of Germany and the USSR depended. Their approaches to fuel supply show how resources influenced success or failure in conflict. Germany, which had no major oil reserves, relied on the Fischer-Tropsch process to produce synthetic fuel from coal. This method was innovative but extremely expensive: the cost of synthetic oil was several times the price of natural oil. The process required huge amounts of coal, complex plants and skilled labour. In addition, the plants were frequently attacked by Allied aircraft, which by 1944 caused severe fuel shortages. Although synthetics provided up to 90% of the aviation needs, they could not fully cover the Wehrmacht's needs, which reduced its manoeuvrability. The USSR, on the other hand, relied on the oil fields of the Caucasus - Baku and Grozny - which provided more than 70% of the country's oil. Even at the risk of capturing these territories, the Soviet system was able to establish a stable supply for the army while maintaining an advantage in mobility. The loss of Baku, which provided 80% of the fuel, could have led to a collapse, but the competent evacuation of equipment and the retention of the region prevented a crisis. The comparison shows that the USSR's success was largely due to skilful use of natural resources, while Germany, despite its engineering advances, faced the limitations of synthetic production. This lesson emphasises that in protracted wars, access to energy resources often outweighs technological innovation. Similar trends were observed in World War I and later conflicts, confirming the importance of resource control to military strategy.
Key words: Third Reich, USSR, energy resources, synthetic fuels, fuel supply.
 
Timokhova E.G.
Japan as a global actor: perception of "ours" and "alien" in the international arena
Japan is one of the major political and economic players in the world. It seeks to strengthen its image as a great country with a rich culture and tradition. However, because of its historical isolation and desire for self-preservation, Japan is also perceived as an ‘outsider’. Japan was closed in the past, but since the early 1860s the country has been actively modernising, but the image of ‘foreign’ has remained unchanged. Today, Japan seeks peace and co-operation with other countries, which forms a new image of the country as a ‘home’ state.
Key words: Japan, insider, outsider, foreign policy, diplomacy, soft power, sakoku, self-isolation, modernization, imperial expansion, Russo-Japanese War, East Asian co-prosperity sphere, pacifist state, international relations, balance, cultural respect, cooperation.
 
Moskalchuk D.A.
Formation of Kosovo national identity in 1990-2000s
The purpose of this article is to analyses the main trends in the development of Kosovo nationalism in 1990-2000s. The political processes that took place on the territory of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in the 1980s pushed Albanian nationalists to form their own state formation. The problem of interethnic relations on the territory of the former Yugoslavia remains relevant to this day. Kosovo nationalism, which played an important role in the development of the conflict on the territory of Yugoslavia, laid the foundation for the formation of a new - exclusively Kosovo identity. Kosovo identity is the main means of achieving Kosovo's independence goals, while reaffirming its right to sovereignty. Pristina timely abandoned plans to become part of the ‘Greater Albania’ project, as it would have lost economic and political support from European countries and the United States. The topic of studying Kosovo identity is still relevant, as it demonstrates clearly the process of formation of identities in the modern world. In addition, Kosovo identity represents a new political player in the territory of the Western Balkans, where political instability continues since the fall of socialist Yugoslavia.
Key words: Kosovo, Albanian nationalism, Kosovo nationalism, separatism, Yugoslavia.
 
Martirosyan V.B.M.
Anglo-Spanish War 1585-1604 - The Defeat of “Spanish Armada”
This article is devoted to the study of the defeat of the invincible armada in August 1588.The object of this study is stage of the Anglo-Spanish War 1585-1604, covering the events related to the naval battle of the English and Spanish fleets in August 1588 in the English Channel. The subject of this study is features of the naval battle and the causes of the defeat of the Spanish armada. The main conclusions of the study are the revealed aspirations of the English kingdom to end the war with the Spanish Empire by the method of a lightning counterattack on the remnants of the Spanish fleet.
Key words: John Hawkins, Invincible Armada, Spanish Habsburg Empire.
 
Zhurba V.V.
The transformation of the UK coal industry in the 80s of the twentieth century: comparative analysis with the experience of foreign countries
The article provides an in-depth analysis of the transformation of the UK's coal industry in the 1980s, which occurred under the influence of a complex set of economic, political, and environmental factors. The main goal of the study is to identify the key forces that drove the restructuring of the industry, as well as to assess its effectiveness in the context of the experiences of other countries, including Germany, the United States, the USSR, and Japan. The paper carefully examines the causes of the crisis in the coal industry, such as high production costs, depletion of coal deposits, the decline in global demand for coal, the development of alternative energy sources, and the political determination to implement reforms. Particular attention is paid to the social consequences of the restructuring: large-scale layoffs of miners, the 1984–1985 miners' strike, and the destruction of the economic base of mining regions. The article describes in detail the measures aimed at mitigating the negative consequences, including the creation of new jobs, retraining programs, and support for entrepreneurship. Comparative analysis shows that restructuring in other countries was accompanied by a more developed system of social support and a smoother transition to new energy models. In conclusion, it is argued that the British model of transformation was characterized by radical scale and rigidity, which, on the one hand, led to significant social costs, but, on the other, accelerated the transition to cleaner energy.
Key words: coal industry, Great Britain, restructuring, miners' strike, foreign experience, economic reforms, environmental transformation, British Coal Enterprise, privatization, social adaptation.
 
Gashimli M.A.
The impact of socio-political processes within Turkish society in the second half of the 20th century on the formation of national identity concepts
The article examines the impact of socio-political transformations in Turkish society in the second half of the 20th century on the formation of competing concepts of national identity in modern Turkish society. Through historical analysis, the study traces key events, including military coups, the rise of political Islam, and the ideological polarization between Kemalist secularism and Islamist conservatism. The author identifies and analyzes four dominant paradigms of identity by the beginning of the 21st century: pan-Turkism, Republican nationalism, Ottoman Islamism and Western liberalism. The study shows that Turkey is trying to balance between European integration and Islam against the backdrop of economic crises. The conclusions highlight the existing split in society between supporters of secularism and political Islam, which has been more developed since the AKP came to power. The study adds to the understanding of the political landscape of modern Turkey.
Key words: Turkey, national identity, political Islam, Kurdish nationalism, pan-turkism, neo-ottomanism, Kemalism.
 
Voronov I.I.
The impact of NATO Expansion on military-technical cooperation between the USA and Poland (1989-2017)
The article analyzes the impact of Poland's accession to NATO on the development of military-technical cooperation with the USA from 1989 to 2017. It examines the prerequisites for NATO expansion, key stages of arms supplies (F-16, Patriot), joint military programs, and their economic and political consequences. Historical and comparative methods, as well as official documents, were used. It is established that NATO membership catalyzed the modernization of Poland's armed forces but was accompanied by financial and political challenges. The findings highlight the significance of this cooperation for both parties and open prospects for further research.
Key words: NATO, Poland, USA, military-technical cooperation, security, F-16, geopolitics.
 
Martirosyan V.B.M.
Prerequisites of the Anglo-Spanish War 1585-1604
This article is devoted to the study of the prerequisites of the war of 1585-1604 between the English kingdom and the Spanish Empire. The object of this study is relations between the Spanish Empire of the Habsburgs and the English kingdom during the reign of Elizabeth I Tudor. The subject of this study is the situation before the war of 1585-1604 and its causes. The main conclusions of the study are the establishing the causes and prerequisites of the Anglo-Spanish War of 1585-1604 in the escalating contradictions between the feudal and emerging capitalist system of both countries within the framework of their colonial struggle.
Key words: Reconquista, Spanish Empire, English kingdom, capitalism, feudalism, colonies.
 
Ajigova A.M.
Ingush society during the revolution and the Civil War (1917-1920)
The work reflects the main points related to the processes of statehood formation and functioning of Ingush society after the revolution of 1917. The specificity of the study is to study the resource potential that influenced the formation of the Ingush Autonomous Region in 1924. At the same time, the author defined the purpose of a comprehensive analysis of the living conditions of society in this territory in the period 1917-1920.
The confrontation of political forces, the confrontation between official authorities and civil society gave rise to the ambiguity of the development of Ingush society, the need to integrate the traditions and customs of this people into the new life that is offered to them by the state authorities.
The change in the structure of society, the change of political power in the state actualized the transformation of social relations, and the use of physical and military force by the Bolsheviks were also powerful factors that influenced the development of Ingush society and its attitude to socio-political changes. The object is the historical period in 1917-1920, the subject is the vital activity of the Ingush society.
At the end of the study, the author draws conclusions about the complex socio-political situation that accompanies the historical period under study.
Key words: Ingush society, change of political power, October Revolution, civil war, traditional society, customs, mores, independence.
 
Babenko O.V.
Experiments of the Italian fascists in the field of art and politics
Rec. ad op.: Gaborik P. Mussolini’s theatre: fascist experiments in art and politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021. 312 p.
Examines the monograph by the Italian researcher P. Gaborik, devoted to the interaction of the fascist regime in Italy and the theater. The monograph focuses on the personality of Benito Mussolini, which is appeared in different epostases. The article analyzes the importance of the Italian theater as a tool for propagating the ideas of fascism. The Italian dictator had his own cultural strategy, which was carried out, among other things, with the help of his favorite playwrights and the censor. The presence of a detailed historical context in the book is emphasized. The conclusion is made about the great importance of the reviewed monograph for specialists.
Key words: B. Mussolini, Italian fascism, Italy in the 1920s and 1930s, art, Italian theater.
 
Ivaschenko T.S.
Tarasov I.E.
Documentary films in educational regional studies (based on the example of the TV series “Historical Chronicles of Yugra”)
The article examines in detail the educational potential of documentary films dedicated to local history. Within the framework of this study, a scrupulous review of the process of formation of domestic local history as part of educational and upbringing activities, which began in 1756 with the formation of the Free Economic Society in Russia, is conducted. The article examines the importance of local history as a branch of science in the formation of personality. It also examines the features of cinema as a tool for popularizing history, ethnography and natural history. A number of methodological questions are raised about the role of documentaries in education: how non-fiction films relate to traditional forms of local history, whether modern audiovisual technologies can be considered a new way of cognition or a type of illustrative material, how reality and its reflection in a film document relate. It is hypothesized that documentary films can be a way to study local history in an easy and interesting form, involving the figurative thinking and perception of viewers. The material for analysis is the project of the Surgut studio of documentary films "Historical Chronicles of Yugra", which is now widely used in schools of the region in local history lessons, as well as in various cultural institutions. 5 episodes include an overview of the history of the region, starting from the appearance of the first people and up to the middle of the 20th century, when the first gas field was discovered. The article provides an analysis of the series from the point of view of the scale of the historical events that it covers, as well as the audiovisual and textual features of the narrative.
Key words: documentary film, local history, education, non-fiction film, audiovisual art, media, history, ethnography.
 
Mikhaelis S.I.
Mikhaelis D.V.
Coverage of personnel training issues for the railway industry in the periodical press of Siberia: analysis of materials from the regional press of the Soviet period
The article is devoted to the reflection of current problems and processes in the field of training personnel of various qualifications for the needs of the railway industry in the regional newspapers of Siberia. The purpose of the study is to identify the specifics of covering the issues of training specialists of various qualification levels for the needs of railway transport in the materials of the periodical press. Among the tasks is the analysis of publications in regional publications devoted to the training and development of human resources for the railway industry. Descriptive and comparative methods serve as the theoretical and methodological basis of the research.
Key words: personnel training, railway industry, railway education, periodical press of Siberia, «first time winter workers» on the railway, labor reserves.
 
Shakhalieva F.B.
The socio-economic situation in Kabarda and Balkaria on the eve of the February revolution of 1917
This work focuses on identifying the features of the socio-economic situation in Kabarda and Balkaria in the early twentieth century before the February Revolution of 1917. The publication reflects the features of the economic development of these territories, as well as the factors influencing them. The author explores the priority occupations of the Kabardian and Balkarian peoples, as well as their importance for the socio-economic development of these territories. The work reflects the specifics of the economy in the region, and also explores the organization of the territorial economy. Studying the processes taking place on the eve of the February revolution, the author draws conclusions about the patterns of development of the territory and analyzes the transformations that took place during this period.
The purpose of the study is to identify the specifics of the socio-economic situation in Kabarda and Balkaria before the 1917 revolution. The object is the development of these territories on the eve of revolutionary events, the subject is the socio-economic aspect of development.
Defining the features of the socio-economic situation, the author specifies the specifics of hunting, animal husbandry, agriculture as the main occupations of residents, sources of their income and factors determining Russia's interest in the territories.
Key words: socio-economic development, February revolution, Kabarda, Balkaria, territorial location, specifics of main activity, productivity level, agriculture.
 
Kistenev V.V.
Drozhzhina L.I.
Specificity of the formation of folk culture in the Belgorod region: historical aspect
The article examines the specificity of the formation of folk culture of the Belgorod region in a historical context. The main factors that influenced the formation of unique features of regional culture, such as geographical location, historical events, ethnic composition of the population and socio-economic conditions, are analyzed. Special attention is paid to the study of folklore traditions, rituals and other elements of the folk culture of Belgorod region in the dynamics of their development.
Key words: Belgorod region, folk culture, folklore, rituals, historical aspect, ethnic composition, socio-cultural factors.
 
 
 
Authors
Ajigova A.M., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Senior Teacher of the Department of History, the Republic of Ingushetia, the city of Magas, Ingush State University.
Babenko O.V., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Senior Researcher. Institute of Scientific Information for Social Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Berezovskaya A.A., Student of the North Caucasian Branch of the Federal State Budget-Funded Educational Institution of Higher Education «Russian State University of Justice named after V.M. Lebedev», Krasnodar.
Drozhzhina L.I., Teacher of the department of theoretical disciplines. Gubkin branch Belgorod State University of Arts and Culture.
Egorova M.R., Senior lecturer of the English Department of the Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation.
Fattakhov A.Z., Teacher. Multidisciplinary Lyceum № 148 in Chelyabinsk, Chelyabinsk.
Fattakhov D.A., Master's degree student. Kazan National Research Technological University, Kazan.
Gabitov A.I., Senior lecturer. Institute of Philology and Intercultural Communication, Kazan Federal University, Kazan. SPIN-code: 2120-1636
Gashimli M.A., Master's student,Institute of Eurasian and Oriental Studies of the Russian State University for the Humanities.
Itsa Okoura Profith Mell Justice, Postgraduate student. Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia.
Ivanov A.Yu., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor. Higher School of Oriental Studies, Pacific National University, Khabarovsk.
Ivaschenko T.S., Candidate of Cultural Studies, Associate Professor. Higher School of Humanities, Yugra State University.
Kallaur V.S., Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor. Sholem Aleichem Primorsky State University, Birobidzhan.
Kistenev V.V., Candidate of historical sciences, Associate Professor of the department of general theoretical and humanitarian disciplines Belgorod State University of Arts and Culture. ORCID: 0000-0002-5479-0998
Khramov I.Yu., Postgraduate student. Saint Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg.
Lugovskaya M.Yu., Baikal State University, Irkutsk. ORCID: 0009-0000-1023-2559
Martirosyan V.B.M., Student. Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia.
Mikhaelis D.V., Candidate of History. East Siberian Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia.
Mikhaelis S.I., Candidate of Pedagogics, Assistant professor. Irkutsk State Transport University.
Moskalchuk D.A., Postgraduate Student. Saint Petersbu State University.
Saburova N.A., Candidate of Philological Sciences, associate ProfessorAssociate Professor of the Department of Linguistics and Foreign Languages. North Caucasian Branch of the Federal State Budget-Funded Educational Institution of Higher Education «Russian State University of Justice named after V.M. Lebedev», Krasnodar.
Shakhalieva F.B., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Assistant of the Kabardino-Balkarian State University named after H.M. Berbekov.
Shalamova O.O., PhD of Pedagogic Sciences, Assistant professor. FSBEI HE “Pacific National University”, Khabarovsk.
Sinkina A.V., Assistant. FSBEI HE “Pacific National University”, Khabarovsk.
Tarasov I.E., Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor. Higher School of Humanities, Yugra State University.
Timokhova E.G., Postgraduate, Moscow State Linguistic University.
Tutynyn K.F., The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation.
Voronov I.I., Postgraduate student. Lugansk State Pedagogical University.
Vorozhtsova A.A., Master’s Degree Student, Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University).
Zapata T.A., Senior Lecturer. Peoples' Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba.
Zhang Mo, PhD student. Far Eastern Federal University.
Zhurba V.V., Applicant of the Department of Foreign History, Political Science and International Relations. North Caucasus Federal University.