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The Power Of History – The History Of Power. Volume 12. Issue 4. № 70. 2026

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PHILOLOGICAL SCIENCES, LINGUISTICS
  
Cheprasova T.L. Linguocultural features of the implementation of persuasion strategies by Russian-speaking authors in the context of creating an argumentative-persuasive essay in English
14
Li Jiaxi Lexicographic approach to the description of new verb-additions in the modern language
28
Dobrynina O.V., Baibulatova D.I. An analysis of the English translation of colloquial lexis in Joseph Brodsky’s poems
35
Ibodulloev B.D. The language of Tajik folk medicine: challenges for the translator
44
Ibragimova R.A. Theoretical basis for the scope of the study of verbal phrases in Tajik and English: a contrastive-typological approach
59
Kolesnikova P.V. Game neologisms in the Korean language: mechanisms of formation and functions
72
Rakhmatova M.A. Theoretical views on the semantic and morphological features of expressing understanding in the Tagian and English languages: a contrastive-typological analysis
88
Saburova N.A. Means of representation of deontic modality in judicial discourse (based on the speech of prosecutor A.F. Koni)
103
Hopiyainen O.A., Kotova A.A., Gridasova K.V. Explication of the concept of multimodality in modern linguistics
113
Zhang Jing Russian proverbs about the new as representatives of the phraseosemantic field “new”
119
Shekhovskaya Yu.A. Functioning of phraseological units in english fiction
126
Yusupova M.A. Comparative analysis of morphological peculiarities of the Tajik suffix -нок and its English equivalents (on the example of “Ghulomon” by S.Ayni)
130
Li Jiaxi The role of addition verbs in the formation of phraseological units and stable expressions
140
 
HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND GENERAL HISTORY
  
Medushevsky N.A., Savelyeva O.A. The space of symbolic culture of the Ewe people: from history to modernity
 147
Kosarev G.A. The evolution of criticism of Roosevelt’s New Deal in 20th-century journalism
 159
Gorbachev D.V. Napoleon as assessed by I.A. Fessler
 177
Kamyshev K.D. The “jewish syndrome” of the roman elite of the early flavian period and the geopolitical situation in the roman-parthian frontier in the mid–60s-70s of the first century AD
 183
Maltsev S.A. The History of Nipponzan Mehoji: from Imperial Buddhism to Global Pacifism (1917-1985)
 195
Kaun S.B., Naboka D.Yu. From Hollywood to the white house: what Ronald Reagan’s story teaches
 204
Novikov K.O. The evolution of the representation of leftist forces in South Korean history textbooks (1960–2020)
 232
Kholod I.A., Popova E.A. The trace of the vikings in the culture and spiritual life of early medieval Europe
 239
Cheltsov B.V. The role of political leadership in the electoral development of the CDU/CSU bloc: Adenauer, Kohl, and Merkel
 247
Shutova N.E. Activities of Armenian nationalist parties on the eve of World War I
 257
Kosarev G.A. Regional factors of the New Deal agricultural policy
 266
 
ACTUAL QUESTIONS OF HISTORICAL SCIENCES
  
Egorenkova O.V., Lysenko E.M., Drozd A.L., Kurakina E.V., Veresova A.A. Empress Maria Alexandrovna’s Women’s Handicraft School. History of its establishment: 1860-1880
 279
Shavlokhova E.S., Bochkarev T.E., Lutsenko S.V., Khakimova A.B., Komsa M.D. Background and participation of the USSR in the pacific theater of military operations
 291
Afanaseva L.V. To the question of definition of the term “document” in state standards in the 21st century
 300
Vazhenin D.A. The fuel crisis in Russia at the time the provisional government comes to power: causes and dynamics of development
 310
Veselov S.D. Technological evolution of video recording systems in soviet television broadcasting (1960s–1980s)
 320
Vlasov I.A. Russian-polish relations during the reign of Anna Ioannovna. The war of the polish legacy
 329
Galkin V.T. The meaning and purpose of history in the minds of modern Russian students
 338
Gorsky A.S. The role of the Stromynsky road in the development of silk crafts in the Pokrovsky district of the Vladimir province: the formation of the “silk belt”
 345
Ermishkin V.V., Matyukhanov V.N., Trofimov A.A., Zavorokhina N.S. Criminalization of torture as a method of inquiry in the 18th century
 355
Esin R.S. From the “year of radical change” to the beginning of forced collectivization in the territory of modern Krasnoyarsk Krai and Khakassia (November – December 1929)
 362
Zadorozhnyaya O.A. Metaphorical modeling of the image of the President of the Republic of Belarus A.G. Lukashenko in the publication «Arguments and Facts» (2020-2024)
 369
Zolotareva A.O. Belarusian civil society organizations in the youth policy of the German-fascist occupation authorities, 1941–1944
 383
Larionov A.E., Larionov F.A. The evolution of management institutions, legislation, and personnel policy of the inland waterways of the Russian empire in the second half of the 19th century
 393
Matyash M.S. Formation of professional competencies in 19th-century officials
 405
Novoselov P.A. Features of local government bodies in perm province in the last third of the 19th century based on the materials of gendarme reports
 413
Stepanova N.S. On the problem of ancient Yakut anthroponyms
 421
Tekeyeva L.K., Bauchiyev Kh.B., Tambiyev Sh.Kh. On the problem of self-identification, genesis and preservation of ethnic culture of Karachays
 429
Khakiyev Ya.I., Matiev T.Kh. Artillery of the red army in the battles for Malgobek
 438
Yakubova G.Kh., Yakubov T.R. The language and national identity of the people
 448
 
Abstracts
 
473
Authors
489
 

  

EDITORIAL BOARD
Deputy. Chief Editor and Project Manager: 
Ternovaya L.O., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Moscow Automobile and Road Construction University.
Rybakov S.V., Doctor of historical sciences, Associate Professor of the history of Russian Ural Federal University.
 
Mikhailov V.A., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation, Head of the Department of National and Federal Relations of the Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation.
Dolgenko A.N., Doctor of Philology. Head of the Department of Russian and Foreign Languages at the Moscow Academy of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation.
Kovaleva N.A., Doctor of Philology, Associate Professor. Professor of the Department of Russian Language and Literature of the Institute of Foreign Languages of Nanjing University (PRC).
Nenarokova M.R., Doctor of Philology, Professor of the Department of Theory and Practice of Foreign Languages, Institute of Foreign Languages, RUDN University, Leading Researcher, Department of Classical Literature of the West and Comparative Literature. Institute of World Literature RAN. Interpreter/Translator.
Nagornova E.V., PhD in Philology, Associate Professor of the Department of Theory and Practice of Foreign Languages at the Institute of Foreign Languages of the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia.
Nikashina N.V., PhD in Philology, Associate Professor of the Department of Theory and Practice of Foreign Languages, Institute of Foreign Languages, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia.
Klimenko D.A., Candidate of Philology, specialist in Italy.
Murashko S.F., Candidate of Psychological Sciences, Professor of the Department of Russian and Foreign Languages. Moscow Academy of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation.
Ternovaya L.O., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor MADI (The Moscow Automobile and Road Construction University).
Ivakin G.A., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Expert. Deputy Director of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Psychological Institute of the Russian Academy of Education".
Naumova G.R., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor of Lomonosov Moscow State University.
Nikonov A.V., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, State Councellor of the 1st class, the Lomonosov Moscow State University.
Nechiporenko V.S., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration.
Ponomarenko B.T., Honoured worker of higher education, Professor of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration.
Letunovsky P.V., Doctor of Political Sciences, Candidate of Historical Sciences, head of the department of Humanitarian, Social and Economic Disciplines of the Russian Federation Armed Forces Army Air Defense Military Academy named after the Marshal of the A.M. Vassilevsky Soviet Union.
Varsonofiev V.V., Candidate of Political Science, Military expert.
Chapkin S.V., Honorary Academician, President of the “Academy of Ecology and Law”.
Boltenkova L.F., Doctor of Legal Sciences, Professor.
Vrajnova M.N., Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor, Moscow Automobile and Road Construction University (MADI).
Honali Kurbonzoda, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Rector of the «National Institute of professional development and training of educators».
Platonova N.M., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor of the Department of Social Sciences and Humanities of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education Far Eastern State Transport University (Khabarovsk).
Ashrapov B.P., Candidate of Philological Sciences. Associate Professor, Department of English, Khujand State University named after Academician Bobojon Gafurov.
Stepanov S.A., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Law Institute, Department of Public Policy and History of State and Law.

 

 

Abstracts
Cheprasova T.L.
Linguocultural features of the implementation of persuasion strategies by Russian-speaking authors in the context of creating an argumentative-persuasive essay in English
The purpose of this study is to provide a comparative description of the linguacultural characteristics of the implementation of persuasion strategies by Russian-speaking non-native English speakers when creating argumentative-persuasive essays. The article addresses a range of issues devoted to the analysis of the pragmatic specifics of the persuasive speech impact of Russian-speaking informants when implementing a rhetorical strategy of persuasion in the context of an academic essay of the argumentative-persuasive type. The model of the rhetorical strategy of persuasion developed in the course of the study, in turn, allowed us to characterize the key discursive techniques of Russian-speaking authors when constructing their own argumentation in the main block of the essay. Thus, Russian-speaking argumentative authors construct their argumentative blocks using 1) proof by contradiction, 2) the use of a demarcation tactic in the form of "refutation → assertion," 3) an appeal to evaluation and authority. The scientific novelty of this study lies in its identification of the culturally determined characteristics of the persuasive practices of Russian-speaking authors when writing essays in English. The most relevant of these include, on the one hand, the cyclical nature of the organization of argumentation and the absence of a metatextual overview of the text outline, and, on the other hand, the predominance of directive constructions and the systematic use of rhetorical questions in the introduction, along with imperative constructions in the conclusion of the essay. The main results of this study include identifying the characteristics of the pragmatic transfer of strategic components of persuasion as discursive practices of the native culture to the conditions of intercultural academic written discourse, as well as characterizing the pragmatic effects of the implementation of persuasive strategies by Russian-speaking authors. Thus, this study significantly complements modern discourse theory and applied linguistics, which, in turn, helps to fill a research gap in the study of discursive asymmetry in the scientific discourse of Russian-speaking authors in the context of English-language academic communication.
Key words: academic discourse, persuasion strategy, Russian-speaking authors, British argumentative-persuasive essay, linguocultural transfer, communicative-pragmatic tactics.
 
Li Jiaxi
Lexicographic approach to the description of new verb-additions in the modern language
The article discusses the lexicographic approach to the description of new verb-additions in modern Russian. The purpose of the study is to identify the theoretical foundations, current trends and typology of such verbs, as well as to analyze the features of their reflection in various types of dictionaries. The methodology includes a comparative analysis of traditional academic dictionaries, dictionaries of neologisms, corpus databases and electronic resources, as well as an overview of automated methods for identifying new lexical units. The results allowed us to identify the main types of verb additions: two-base verbs, hybrid formations with foreign components, and author's innovations. The key criteria of lexicographic description are defined: morphemic boundaries, grammatical characteristics, semantic ambiguity and stylistic labeling. The active importance of corpus and electronic approaches for automating the identification and fixation of new verbs has been established. The importance of dictionary fixation for the codification of neologisms and the development of the modern Russian language is substantiated. It is emphasized that lexicographic practice needs constant updating of dictionary databases to adequately reflect the dynamics of linguistic innovations. A convincing final conclusion is made about the need for comprehensive integration of traditional and digital methods in the description of new verb additions in modern Russian linguistics.
Key words: lexicography, compound verbs, neologisms, lexicographic description, corpus lexicography, dictionary entry, modern Russian language.
 
Dobrynina O.V.
Baibulatova D.I.
An analysis of the English translation of colloquial lexis in Joseph Brodsky's poems
This article analyses the methods of conveying colloquial vocabulary in Joseph Brodsky's self-translations of his poems from Russian into English, produced between 1986 and 1994. Drawing on poems from the English-language collection “So Forth”, the study examines lexical items belonging to the colloquial style, including vernacular words, archaisms, and expressively colored vocabulary. The translation analysis is grounded in the works of scholars such as Yu.V. Kazarin, I.R. Galperin, V.V. Vinogradov, M.P. Brandes, and V.I. Provotorov. A corpus was compiled for the study: stylistically marked units were identified in the Russian poems, their dictionary definitions were analyzed using Russian explanatory dictionaries, and these Russian colloquial items were then compared with Brodsky's own English translations. Through comparative analysis, the main translation strategies are identified: neutralization of stylistically reduced vocabulary, compensation for lost semantic and figurative components, and the search for functionally equivalent units in English.
Key words: colloquial vocabulary, common colloquial words, archaisms, self-produced translation, Joseph Brodsky.
 
Ibodulloev B.D.
The language of Tajik folk medicine: challenges for the translator
The article examines culture-specific realia of superstitious healing practices in Tajik culture as a distinct category of non-equivalent vocabulary reflecting historical, religious, and ethnocultural layers of collective consciousness. The analysis is based on lexemes from the religious-magical discourse (ruqya, kina/degdon kardan, tashtob, tumor, etc.) and draws on Werner Koller’s theory of translational equivalence as well as the approaches to rendering realia proposed by S. Vlakhov, S. Florin, and G. Tomakhin. The study demonstrates that the translation of such units predominantly belongs to the sphere of creative interpretation, where equivalence is established on the level of function and pragmatic effect rather than form. The translator is thus viewed as a cultural mediator. The article concludes that no universal translation strategy exists for these realia and that translation choices must be context-dependent.
Key words: non-equivalent vocabulary, realia, superstitious healing practices, Tajik culture, translation equivalence, cultural lacuna.
 
Ibragimova R.A.
Theoretical basis for the scope of the study of verbal phrases in Tajik and English: a contrastive-typological approach
This article establishes the theoretical foundations for delimiting the scope of study of verbal phrases in Tajik and English within a contrastive-typological framework. Drawing on the principles of comparative linguistics and typological analysis, the research develops a comprehensive methodological apparatus for the identification, classification, and comparative analysis of verbal phrase structures across two genetically and typologically distinct languages–Tajik (Persian-based, analytic) and English (Germanic, analytic with fusional features). The theoretical basis encompasses the definition of the verbal phrase as a syntactic unit, the establishment of comparative parameters (tertium comparationis), and the articulation of structural typologies for both languages. The empirical foundation is drawn from Sadriddin Aini‘s seminal novel “Ghulomon” (2019), with systematic analysis of verbal phrase instances and their English translational equivalents. The findings demonstrate that contrastive analysis of verbal phrases requires a multi-tiered theoretical model accounting for morphological, syntactic, and semantic-pragmatic levels of comparison, with particular attention to the periphrastic nature of Tajik verbal constructions versus the lexicalization patterns prevalent in English.
Key words: verbal phrase, contrastive linguistics, typological analysis, Tajik language, English language, theoretical framework, Ghulomon, S. Aini.
 
Kolesnikova P.V.
Game neologisms in the Korean language: mechanisms of formation and functions
This article presents the results of a study of gaming neologisms in modern Korean, which are emerging during a period of intense online communication and youth discourse. The aim of the research is to identify the word-formation patterns and pragmatic functions of gaming neologisms recorded in the digital space from 2019 to 2025. The article presents the theoretical basis for classifying gaming neologisms as a separate lexical group, describes the main methods of their formation, and analyzes their nominative, expressive, identifying, evaluative-critical, and entertaining functions. The period under consideration is characterized by accelerated lexical dynamics, the experience of the COVID-19 pandemic, the digitalization of labor, the transformation of the urban environment, and increasing social tension. This study fills a gap in Russian and international Korean studies by examining gaming neologisms as an independent communicative phenomenon that combines lexical novelty with a conscious pragmatic effect.
Key words: Korean language, game neologisms, language play, Internet communication, word formation, pragmatic functions, youth slang, digital linguistics.
 
Rakhmatova M.A.
Theoretical views on the semantic and morphological features of expressing understanding in the Tagian and English languages: a contrastive-typological analysis
This article presents a theoretical and empirical investigation into the semantic-morphological features of understanding expression in Tajik and English within a contrastive-typological framework. Drawing on theoretical foundations from cognitive semantics, morphological typology, and contrastive analysis, the research develops a comprehensive framework for identifying, classifying, and comparing the linguistic means of encoding understanding across two typologically distinct languages–Tajik (Persian-based, analytic with agglutinative features) and English (Germanic, analytic with fusional morphology). The empirical foundation comprises systematic analysis of 250 instances of understanding-related expressions extracted from Sadriddin Aini‘s novel “Ghulomon” (2019) and their English translational equivalents. The analysis identifies three principal morphological strategies for encoding understanding in Tajik–(1) simple verbal lexemes, (2) compound verbs with the light verb кардан (to do), and (3) compound verbs with the light verb шудан (to become)–each associated with distinct semantic profiles. English demonstrates a complementary distribution, favoring monolexemic verbs (to understand, to comprehend, to realize) and phrasal constructions (to figure out, to grasp). The findings reveal that the semantic field of understanding is not isomorphic across the two languages, with significant divergences in aspectual marking, argument structure, and the grammaticalization of epistemic modality. The theoretical implications extend to translation studies, language pedagogy, and cognitive typology.
Key words: understanding, verbal phrase, contrastive analysis, typological analysis, semantic-morphological features, Tajik language, English language, Ghulomon, S. Aini.
 
Saburova N.A.
Means of representation of deontic modality in judicial discourse (based on the speech of prosecutor A.F. Koni)
Deontic modality is one of the important characteristics of institutional discourse. Since deontic statements indicate permissions or obligations arising from the law, norms of behavior, or customs established in society, they significantly organize the moral and evaluative aspect of judicial speech. The object of study is deontic statements in the speech of prosecutor A. F. Koni. The material of the study is the prosecution speech in the case of the drowning of the peasant woman Emelyanova by her husband. The aim of the study is to identify and describe the means of representing deontic statements used by the prosecution in criminal proceedings. The possibilities of verbal embodiment of semantic and pragmatic variants of deontic modality in different compositional parts of the prosecutor's speech are described. The speech features various representations of deontic statements: deontic requirement, deontic confidence, deontic evaluation, prohibition, permission, deontic significant statement, deontic characterization of the motive of the crime, deontic possibility.
Key words: deontic modality, legal consciousness, judicial discourse, deontic statement, prosecutor’s speech.
 
Hopiyainen O.A.
Kotova A.A.
Gridasova K.V.
Explication of the concept of multimodality in modern linguistics
The paper examines multimodality as a concept in contemporary linguistics due to the growing interest in semiotic organization of speech (writing) from the perspective of multimodal communication and complex sign interaction. The study aims to identify the essential features and advantages of a multimodal information presentation in a rapidly evolving digital communication landscape. The research findings show that a recognition of the multimodal nature of linguistic communication leads to revisiting and re-evaluating traditional understanding of text as an exclusively verbal phenomenon. The multimodal text as an interaction of heterogeneous sign systems, in which a correlation with visual, auditory and other non-verbal components is realized, gains a particular interest and requires in-depth analysis to understand its role in linguistics.
Key words: linguistics, multimodality, mode, multimodal text, verbal and non-verbal components, digital communications, semiotic system, meaning formation.
 
Zhang Jing
Russian proverbs about the new as representatives of the phraseosemantic field "new"
The article presents a comparative analysis of paremic units, including a new component, in two lexicographic publications – the Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language by V.I. Dahl (1860s) and the collection of Russian Proverbs and Sayings by A.M. Zhigulev (1960s). Based on the material of 73 paremias with the root -new the patterns of transformation of the structure and semantics of the phraseosemantic field "New" in the period from the second half of the XIX to the middle of the XX century are revealed. It has been established that transformation manifests itself on three levels: 1) the narrowing of the periphery of the FSP (the loss of archaic units new, new, new); 2) the shift of the axiological dominant from a negative (new, but not good) to a positive assessment (new everywhere is expensive); 3) the separation of the semantics of renewal and youth. The revealed changes are interpreted as a reflection of the transformation of the linguistic picture of the world under the influence of socio-cultural shifts associated with the departure from the traditional agrarian model of novelty perception to the industrial model.
Key words: paremia, phraseosemantic field, linguistic picture of the world, historical paremiology, semantic transformation.
 
Shekhovskaya Yu.A.
Functioning of phraseological units in English fiction
The article examines the functioning of phraseological units in English fiction. The subject of the study is idioms and set expressions used in literary prose. The aim of the research is to identify semantic, stylistic and pragmatic functions of phraseological units in fiction. The methodological framework includes contextual, componential and stylistic analysis. The results show that phraseological units perform expressive, evaluative and characterizing functions, contributing to imagery and national cultural specificity of literary texts. The study concludes that phraseological units demonstrate high adaptability to individual authorial style.
Key words: phraseology, fiction, English language, idioms, stylistics.
 
Yusupova M.A.
Comparative analysis of morphological peculiarities of the Tajik suffix -нок and its English equivalents (on the example of “Ghulomon” by S.Ayni)
The Tajik language possesses a rich system of derivational suffixes, among which the suffix -нок stands out for its ability to form qualitative adjectives and abstract nouns denoting intensity, propensity, or affected state. The given article presents a comparative analysis of the morphological, semantic, and functional properties of the Tajik suffix -нок and its English equivalents. Using 17 example sentences extracted from Sadriddin Ayni’s “Ghulomon” (2019), the study employs contrastive morphological analysis, semantic categorization, and functional translation equivalence theory. The suffix -нок conveys three primary meanings: (1) full/partial state (e.g., ҳашаратнок – terrifying), (2) abundance (e.g., сӯзишнок – burning), and (3) suitability/danger (e.g., хатарнок – dangerous). English equivalents include participial adjectives (-ing, -ed), denominal adjectives (-ous, -ful), and periphrastic constructions. Thus, no single English suffix consistently matches -нок; instead, translators select equivalents based on syntactic position, gradability, and pragmatic intensity. The study contributes to Tajik-English morphological typology and translation pedagogy.
Key words: Tajik suffix -нок, English equivalents, morphological comparison, “Ghulomon” by S. Ayni, contrastive analysis, derivational morphology.
 
Li Jiaxi
The role of addition verbs in the formation of phraseological units and stable expressions
This article examines the role of verb-additions in the formation of phraseological units and stable expressions of the modern Russian language. The purpose of the study is to identify the main mechanisms of phraseologization of verb–additions, analyze their semantic and pragmatic features, as well as determine the active role of these units in updating the phraseological fund of the language. The methodology is based on a structural and semantic analysis, a comparative method involving data from other Slavic languages, as well as an analysis of modern media texts and Internet communication. The results allowed us to identify two main models of phraseologization: the transition from a free combination to a stable expression and the semantic fusion of components into a metaphorical meaning. The types of stable turns based on complex verbs in colloquial, authorial, and artistic-poetic speech are described in detail. The key role of imagery, metaphorization, expressivity and evaluativeness as fundamental factors in the formation of phraseological meaning is revealed. The significant influence of digital culture and social networks on the appearance of neological phraseological units, such as live-post and Google-nervous, has been established. The final conclusion is made about the high potential of phraseologization of verb-additions and their important role in the development of the phraseological system of the modern Russian language as a whole.
Key words: compound verbs, phraseological units, phraseologization, modern Russian language, metaphorization, pragmatics, linguistic innovations, Slavic languages.
 
Medushevsky N.A.
Savelyeva O.A.
The space of symbolic culture of the Ewe people: from history to modernity
This article presents a brief analysis of the symbolic cultural space of the Ewe people, who live in Ghana, Togo, and Benin. The authors base their research on a cognitive history approach, which posits that ethnic cultural symbols have evolved historically and retain a complex of culturally significant meanings from past generations, each of which influences the contemporary development of the community, its morality, ethics, and sociopolitical organization. The symbolic space of the Ewe people is presented as a complex system, transcending language, territoriality, and historical-political factors in its ethno-integrative influence. Although the Ewe people never had a common state and speak different dialects of the same language, their symbols, reproduced in pottery and especially in weaving, create a universal socio-ethnic context that forms a unified cognitive space. Studying this space through folklore and the symbolism of clothing, household items, and ritual paraphernalia allows for a new perspective on ethnic culture and its contemporary manifestations.
Key words: traditional Ewe crafts, ritual and craft objects, fetish, identity, symbol, culture, proverbs, Africa.
 
Kosarev G.A.
The evolution of criticism of Roosevelt's New Deal in 20th-century journalism
This article attempts to systematize the critical tradition that developed around the New Deal in American journalism and historical thought throughout the 20th century. It focuses on texts of various genres and origins: from the diaries of disillusioned insiders (H. Ickes, R. Mowley) and the memoirs of political opponents (H. Hoover) to the fundamental works of libertarian ideologists (M. Rothbard, H. Garrett) and academic historians of the late period (D. Doenecke, B. Bernstein, Fraser, and Gerstle). The work identifies the main directions of criticism-insider, ideological (from both the right and the left), economic, and political-and emphasizes the conventionality of such a division. It traces the evolution of critical discourse: from the emotional, often pamphlet-like journalism of the 1930s–1950s to the more calm academic systematization of the late 20th and early 21st centuries.
Key words: New Deal, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, New Deal critics, insider criticism, ideological criticism, economic criticism, political criticism, Great Depression, US historiography, libertarianism.
 
Gorbachev D.V.
Napoleon as assessed by I.A. Fessler
The article examines the evolution of I.A. Fessler's attitude towards Napoleon Bonaparte as a personality and historical figure. Based on the principle of historicism and the method of comparative historical analysis, the author explores the causes and manifestations of the German thinker's transition from the apology of the French ruler to condemnation and rejection. The article describes the connection between Fessler's views on Napoleon and his theoretical concept of the role of personality in history.
Key words: Napoleon Bonaparte, Fessler, Prussia, France, the role of personality in history.
 
Kamyshev K.D.
The "jewish syndrome" of the roman elite of the early Flavian period and the geopolitical situation in the roman-parthian frontier in the mid–60s-70s of the first century AD
The article examines the geopolitical situation in the mid–60s - 70s of the 1st century AD in the Roman-Iranian frontier. With the coming to power in Rome of the new Flavian dynasty, which was influenced by the events of the First Jewish War – referred to by the author as the "Jewish Syndrome" - the systematic and consistent liquidation of a number of buffer states between Parthia and Rome begins. Among the liquidated limitrophes (Pontus, Commagene, Lycia, Cilicia, etc.), the Bosporan Kingdom stands out, which in the period under review, contrary to previous processes aimed at direct entry into the Roman Empire, regains its former independence. According to the author, this is done through effective mediation between Rome and the Alans, presumably using funds obtained during and after the Jewish War in order to redirect the Alan attack in Transcaucasia in the 70s of the first century AD.
Key words: Roman-Parthian frontier, Jews, Jewish war, «Jewish syndrome», Flavia, Vespasian, Bosporan kingdom, Alans, Roman-Iranian frontier, Commagene.
 
Maltsev S.A.
The History of Nipponzan Mehoji: from Imperial Buddhism to Global Pacifism (1917-1985)
For the first time in the Russian-language academic literature, the article undertakes a comprehensive historiographical analysis of the Nipponzan Mehoji Order, a small Nichiren monastic and lay community known for the practice of "peace walks" and the construction of Peace pagodas. Based on English-language research (R. Kisala, J. Stone, K. Cross) and the writings of the founder of the order of Fujii, Nitidatsu, the history of the order is reconstructed from its foundation in Manchuria (1917/1918) to the death of Fujii (1985). Special attention is paid to three problematic nodes: (1) discrepancies in dates and numbers as a reflection of a decentralized structure; (2) the Order's participation in the Japanese militarist project (chaplains in Nanjing, connections with Admiral Yamamoto); (3) the paradox of meeting Gandhi (1933), which did not lead to an immediate break with violence. The author concludes that the decisive turn to absolute pacifism was the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki (1945), after which the order began building peace pagodas as material symbols of nonviolence. The activities of Nipponzan Mehoji are considered as an example of engaged Buddhism, which considers acts of civil protest as a form of religiosity.
Key words: Nipponzan Mehoji, Fujii Nitidatsu, involved Buddhism, peace pagodas, Japanese militarism, nichirenism, daimoku, hakko ichiu.
 
Kaun S.B.
Naboka D.Yu.
From Hollywood to the white house: what Ronald Reagan’s story teaches
The article is devoted to the biography of Ronald Reagan and the analysis of his political legacy. The article examines his path from actor to president, economic reforms, diplomatic steps and rhetoric that has become part of world history. Special attention is paid to the lessons that can be learned from his experience and applied in a modern context ‒ from leadership and negotiations to economic policy and interaction with society.
Key words: Ronald Reagan, actor and president, Reaganomics, Cold War, lessons from Ronald Reagan.
 
Novikov K.O.
The evolution of the representation of leftist forces in South Korean history textbooks (1960–2020)
The article analyzes the evolution of the representation of leftist forces in South Korean secondary school history textbooks from the 1960s to the 2020s. During the authoritarian period (1960s–1980s), textbooks constructed an anti-communist master narrative, in which the USSR and North Korea were depicted as an aggressor and a puppet regime, while leftist movements within the country were portrayed as a destructive force or as foreign-backed agents. The post-democratization stage (1990s–2000s) was characterized by the emergence of elements of pluralism, including references to alternative positions taken by key political figures. Contemporary textbooks (2010s–2020s) demonstrate a radical shift: ideological rhetoric is minimized, and leftist forces are recognized as legitimate participants in the liberation struggle and nation-building process.
Key words: historical memory, South Korea, anti-communism, school textbooks.
 
Kholod I.A.
Popova E.A.
The trace of the vikings in the culture and spiritual life of early medieval Europe
This article examines the multifaceted impact of the Norman expansion on the cultural and spiritual life of Europe. The Vikings' constant trading and military expeditions fostered active cultural exchange, leaving their mark on chronicles, literature, and mythology. Norse mythology also permeated European folktales. It is noted that the sagas reflected the worldview of Scandinavian society, but due to their oral tradition, they did not have a direct influence on Europe. The colonization of different regions had different consequences: in Ireland and Britain, a cultural synthesis emerged, while in Iceland and Greenland, initial settlement occurred without exchange. Interaction with Europeans affected clothing and jewelry, increasing the fashion for expensive materials and colors. A key spiritual shift was the Christianization of Scandinavia, marking a new stage in cultural development and the destruction of pagan traditions.
Key words: Vikings, Viking campaigns, Norman expansion, Scandinavia, raids, Scandinavian culture, history of Europe.
 
Cheltsov B.V.
The role of political leadership in the electoral development of the CDU/CSU bloc: Adenauer, Kohl, and Merkel
The article examines the role of political leadership in the electoral development of the CDU/CSU bloc through the cases of Konrad Adenauer, Helmut Kohl, and Angela Merkel. The study aims to show how the leadership factor was linked to party strategy, public expectations, and election results. It argues that leadership was not an autonomous cause of electoral success, but a mechanism of the Christian Democrats’ historical adaptation to changing conditions of party competition.
Key words: Federal Republic of Germany, CDU/CSU, Christian democracy, political leadership, electoral process, German party system, Konrad Adenauer, Helmut Kohl, Angela Merkel, Bundestag elections.
 
Shutova N.E.
Activities of Armenian nationalist parties on the eve of World War I
The second half of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries were marked by the appearance of the whole complex of problems connected with the being of the Armenian population in Ottoman Empire. After the end of the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878), the Armenian problem became a diplomatic question. The Great Powers put all kinds of pressure on Turkey through the prism of the Armenian question, trying to strengthen their influence. The Armenian population in Ottoman Empire expected to receive help from Russia in order to solve the problems. It hoped for the liberation of Western Armenia and the creation of autonomy. The struggle was held not only at the diplomatic level, but at the level of political parties which connected the ideas of socialism and the struggle for national liberation. The Armenian question gained the progress when the parties “Dashnaktsutyun” and “Gnchak” appeared. Both organizations combined political struggle and the armed uprising. The aim was to achieve the restoration of independent “Great Armenia”. There took place the building up of Armenian nationalistic ideology which was quite similar to the ideology of Russian social revolutionaries. The parties tried to elaborate the programme of common actions with other revolutionary parties in the Caucasus in order to unite Western and Eastern Armenia in the struggle.
Key words: Armenian Question, Young Dashnaktsutyun, Dashnaktsutyun, Hnchak, Mshakists, Alfarists, Apaga, Young Armenia, Vorontsov-Dashkov, Lobanov-Rostovsky, nationalist parties, Western Armenia, Great Powers, Caucasus, Armenian-Azerbaijani clashes.
 
Kosarev G.A.
Regional factors of the New Deal agricultural policy
The article examines regional disparities in the distribution of agricultural aid under Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal. Drawing on data from AAA, FCA, and FSA expenditures, as well as institutional decisions within the USDA, it demonstrates that federal funding was concentrated in the Southern and Great Plains states with large-scale commercial farming (cotton, wheat, tobacco), while regions with the highest number of bankrupt farmers received substantially less. This contradicts the established narrative of the New Deal’s social orientation. Key factors include lobbying by the American Farm Bureau Federation, the rivalry between the BAE and the Extension Service over planning authority, and congressional pressure from representatives defending local interests. Special attention is paid to political consequences – the formation of stable coalitions and growing discontent in the Northeast and Midwest. The article concludes that the distribution of agricultural aid was determined not so much by the severity of the crisis as by the political power of agribusiness and the institutional structure of the executive branch.
Key words: regional disparities, agricultural policy, New Deal, US agriculture, subsidy allocation, states, Great Depression, political economy, Agricultural Adjustment Act, USDA.
 
Egorenkova O.V.
Drozd A.L.
Lysenko E.M.
Kurakina E.V.
Veresova A.A.
Empress Maria Alexandrovna's Women's Handicraft School. History of its establishment: 1860-1880
The article examines the formation and development of the educational system within the House of Charity for Poor Children in Saint Petersburg in the second half of the 19th century, in the context of the reforms of Alexander II. The study analyzes the prerequisites for educational transformations associated with the need for modernization and overcoming social backwardness. Particular attention is paid to the organization of the educational process, which combined general education with vocational training, as well as to the development of female education. Based on archival materials and legal sources, the paper explores the management structure of the institution, living and learning conditions of the pupils, and the contribution of key historical figures to its development. The research demonstrates that the institution played an important role in the system of social support and education, preparing children for independent life. It concludes that such institutions significantly contributed to the development of practice-oriented education and the expansion of access to education in post-reform Russia.
Key words: educational reforms, charitable institution, female education, vocational training, 19th century Russia.
 
Shavlokhova E.S.
Bochkarev T.E.
Lutsenko S.V.
Khakimova A.B.
Komsa M.D.
Background and participation of the USSR in the pacific theater of military operations
Is devoted to a comprehensive study of the role of the USSR in the fighting in the Pacific Theater of Operations in the final period of World War II (August-September 1945). The paper analyzes in detail the key aspects of this historical event: the geopolitical prerequisites for the entry of the Soviet Union into the war against Japan, the strategic planning and practical implementation of combat operations in the Far East, as well as their impact on the outcome of the global military conflict. Special attention is paid to the study of the three largest offensive operations of the Red Army - the Manchurian strategic operation, the Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk offensive operation and the Kuril amphibious operation, each of which had a special military and political significance. The study also examines not only the immediate course of hostilities, but also various forms of support provided to the USSR, including lend-Lease supplies, loans, and the deployment of military specialists and volunteers. The author pays considerable attention to the analysis of complex military and political decisions of the Soviet leadership, the mechanisms of interaction with the allies in the anti-Hitler coalition, as well as the long-term consequences of these events for the post-war world order in the Asia-Pacific region. The methodological base of the research includes a wide range of sources: previously classified archival materials from the collections of the Central Archive of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, memoirs of direct participants in the events (both Soviet and foreign), as well as the latest scientific works by domestic and foreign researchers. Of particular value are the operational documents of the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command and field reports at the front level. The practical significance of the research lies in a deep rethinking of the Soviet Union's contribution to the end of World War II, clarifying the historical role of the USSR in defeating militaristic Japan and identifying new aspects of the impact of these events on the formation of the post-war system of international relations. The results obtained allow us to re-evaluate the strategic importance of the Red Army's operations in the Far East and their place in the history of the Second World War.
Key words: USSR, Pacific Theater of Military Operations, World War II, Far East, Manchurian operation, Kuril Islands, Japanese surrender, historical memory.
 
Afanaseva L.V.
To the question of definition of the term "document" in state standards in the 21st century
Accepting the diversity in the legal acts at the federal level regarding the content of the term "document", the author of the work turned to such regulatory documents as standards (interstate and national), and set himself the goal of tracing the transformations in the content of this concept in a number of GOSTs (ISO, SILP) and offering his own vision of its content based on the existing options. The work was prepared based on the analysis of the content of the texts of the following regulatory documents - GOST R 7.0.8-2025, GOST R ISO 15489-1-2019, GOST R ISO 9004-2019, GOST R ISO 9000-2015, GOST R ISO 9001-2015. An additional result of the work is the identification of substitute terms introduced in the texts of the designated documents by their developers. Among these were "records", "documented information", "knowledge".
Key words: standard, document, information, carrier, documenting, documented information.
 
Vazhenin D.A.
The fuel crisis in Russia at the time the provisional government comes to power: causes and dynamics of development
This article comprehensively examines the fuel crisis in the Russian Empire at the time the Provisional Government came to power in February 1917 and its development up until the October Revolution. It analyzes the complex objective and subjective causes of the coal shortage during the war, including the deterioration of production capacity during World War I, the mass mobilization of skilled labor, transportation disruptions, climatic factors, and the collapse of the administrative system after the February Revolution. It examines the institutional measures taken by the Provisional Government to overcome the crisis in the spring and summer of 1917, as well as the reasons for their fundamental ineffectiveness amid growing social conflict and political instability. The multi-layered interrelationship between the fuel shortage, the food crisis, transportation collapse, and the disorganization of industrial production is demonstrated. Particular attention is given to the regional characteristics of the crisis and the role of rail transport in its dynamics. It is concluded that the fuel crisis became not only an economic but also a political problem, serving as a structural element of the overall crisis of state governance and a key factor in the revolutionary transformation of October 1917.
Key words: fuel crisis, Provisional Government, Donetsk Coal Basin, rail transport, 1917.
 
Veselov S.D.
Technological evolution of video recording systems in soviet television broadcasting (1960s–1980s)
The article examines the technological processes of the introduction and development of magnetic video recording systems in Soviet television production over three decades. It covers the main stages of adapting foreign developments and creating domestic models of video recording equipment. The design features of transverse-scan and helical-scan recording equipment are analyzed, along with their impact on the production workflows of television studios. Special attention is paid to the technical characteristics of successive generations of equipment and the organizational changes in the structure of television production. The research is based on archival technical documents, scientific publications from specialized institutes, and testimonies of industry specialists.
Key words: video tape recorder, magnetic image recording, television broadcasting, transverse recording, helical recording, television technical standards, Soviet radio-electronic industry, television production.
 
Vlasov I.A.
Russian-polish relations during the reign of Anna Ioannovna. The war of the polish legacy
During the reign of Anna Ioannovna (1730–1740), Russia actively participated in the War of the Polish Succession (1733–1735), which became one of the key events in its foreign policy. This conflict was related to the struggle for influence in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth after the death of King Augustus II. This explains the multiple conflicts and contradictions that accompanied the internal and foreign policy development of the Russian state during this period.
In parallel with the strengthening of influence in Poland, relations with the Ottoman Empire deteriorated as a result of non-compliance with the Peace of Constantinople concluded in 1720. It also had its consequences. Russia's policy changed after the death of Augustus II, who was its ally, and in order to build foreign policy in the new conditions, it was necessary to transform relations with a number of European states, including Poland.
In this study, the author specifies the essence and content of the concept of "the Polish legacy" and its significance for the further development of Russia's political and economic relations with several European countries.
The author's goal was to specify the Russian-Polish relations that were established during the reign of Anna Ioannovna and their changes after the War of the Polish Succession.
Key words: Russian-Polish relations, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Anna Ioannovna, Polish Succession, foreign policy, Russian state, increased political influence, Polish throne.
 
Galkin V.T.
The meaning and purpose of history in the minds of modern Russian students
Historical knowledge is inherently two-component: it has both a theoretical and a practical level. Most students studying the course "History of Russia" at universities have a fairly standard understanding of the purpose of this discipline. Students' understanding of the theoretical aspect of history is not as profound as their knowledge of the facts and interpretations of historical events. The purpose of this study was to identify the constituent characteristics of Russian students' "image of history" and their evaluative opinions regarding the meaning and purpose of history. Focused interviews were used in this study. The result was a discovery of the image of history among the current generation of students.
Key words: history, theory of history, meaning of history, purpose of history, youth perceptions.
 
Gorsky A.S.
The role of the Stromynsky road in the development of silk crafts in the Pokrovsky district of the Vladimir province: the formation of the "silk belt"
This article is devoted to the research of the characteristics of the beginning and development of silk crafts (production) in the Pokrovsky district of the Vladimir province, which became widely distributed due to the functioning of the Stromynsky road, it had a significant role in the formation of the territorial specialization of silk weaving. In this context, the Stromynsky road, as one of the oldest land routes, is of particular interest for research, since at a certain historical period it contributed to the expansion of trade and industrial relations, the increase number of crafts along the highway and the growth of entrepreneurial initiative of the population of the Pokrovsky district. Through the available statistical works of Kharizomenov S.A. on the development of weaving crafts in the region, supplemented by archival and local history sources, it became possible to analyze, clarify and substantiate the role of the Stromynsky road in the formation of a sustainable regional sector of the silk industry in the Vladimir province. The methodological basis of the research is the principles of historicism and system analysis, which provide the discovering of the relationship between the transport infrastructure and the dynamics of the development of silk crafts and the formation of regional centers of production in the 19-th century. On the basis of the introduction into scientific circulation of archive sources provided by the Kirzhach District Museum of Local History and Art, the mechanisms of the formation of silk crafts near the Stromynsky road are analyzed and the dependence of their location on the transport and trade highway is shown.
Key words: silk industries, handicraft industry, production, trade and industrial relations, Stromynsky tract, Filippovskaya volost, Pokrovsky district, Vladimir province.
 
Ermishkin V.V.
Matyukhanov V.N.
Trofimov A.A.
Zavorokhina N.S.
Criminalization of torture as a method of inquiry in the 18th century
The epoch of the beginning of the XVIII century is characterized by a completely different attitude towards the body and human dignity in comparison with subsequent centuries. A stick, which Peter I liked to carry with him, became a peculiar symbol of this time. The baton symbolized the special power of the monarch, who at any moment could, at his discretion, use physical violence against his subjects, who, in turn, had to accept it uncomplainingly as a means of education. This became a kind of metaphor, the reverse side of Peter's radical transformations, which required the country to mobilize its resources almost completely, including human resources.
However, the image of the enlightenment tsar, albeit forcibly, but leading the state and the people to progress, and therefore to a bright future, remains popular to this day. Taking into account the unconditional merits of the tsar - reformer, a number of researchers also emphasize the duality of some of Peter's transformations. Thus, despite the enlightenment, Europeanization and spread of rationalistic ideas among the nobility, these processes were extremely limited, contributing primarily to the realization of the militaristic claims of the emperor, rather than the humanization of society.
Under these conditions, political sleuthing began to play a very special place in the legal and political system of the state, which appeared as an extrajudicial investigation in the middle of the XVIII century. For the first time, the features of the political and legal system that was at its highest development under Peter appear in the Cathedral Code of Alexei Mikhailovich in 1649. So, for the first time, a category of state criminals appears, which a person could get into for real treason to the fatherland, and for an accidental misspelling in a document. Torture, which was actively used in the political investigation of those years, began to play a huge role in this non-adversarial legal system, with the prevailing accusatory principle. The purpose of this work is to show how torture has become criminalized in the history of Russia.
Key words: torture, political investigation, Peter the Great, reforms.
 
Esin R.S.
From the “year of radical change” to the beginning of forced collectivization in the territory of modern Krasnoyarsk Krai and Khakassia (November – December 1929)
More than 95 years ago, the USSR began the forced construction of collective farms. Since then, works on this process have been published, and research on the history of collectivization has been conducted. However, despite the increasing number of monographs and articles, there are still gaps in the existing historiography that have not been studied or addressed. One such gap is the history that preceded the establishment of Stalin's collective farms in what is now the Krasnoyarsk Territory. This article, based on previously unpublished documents from the State Archives of the Krasnoyarsk Region, as well as published collections of documents and scientific literature, describes the two-month period (November and December) in 1929, during which preparations for forced collectivization were made before January 1930, when the first decrees of the Soviet government regulating collectivization and dekulakization began to appear.
Key words: collectivization, Krasnoyarsk Krai, collective farm, "fundamental change", Stalin, Khakassia.
 
Zadorozhnyaya O.A.
Metaphorical modeling of the image of the President of the Republic of Belarus A.G. Lukashenko in the publication «Arguments and Facts» (2020-2024)
The article presents an analysis of the metaphorical modeling of the image of the President of the Republic of Belarus A.G. Lukashenko in the publications of the «Argumenty I Fakty» newspaper (2020-2024). The study is based on the theory of metaphor and is based on the method of continuous sampling of materials from this publication, popular in liberal circles of the Russian Federation and the Russian-speaking public abroad. The results of the analysis showed that metaphors with a harsh and sometimes openly aggressive character prevail in constructing the image of a political leader. In the course of the study, the characteristic features of different groups of metaphors were identified: imagery, emotionality, stability and the level of abstraction. The author believes that metaphors in the media image of a leader help structure political reality. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that, for the first time, the materials of the «Argumenty I Fakty» periodical revealed the dominant metaphorical models of the image of the Belarusian leader in the Russian media space. The data obtained demonstrate discrepancies between the expected positive coverage (due to the allied relations between Russia and Belarus) and the actual predominance of harsh metaphors. The results of the study expand the theoretical understanding of the role of metaphor as a tool for constructing a political picture of the world, which makes it possible to identify the mechanisms of formation of media images.
Key words: metaphor, metaphorical model, frame, source sphere, model, image, «Arguments and facts», man, society, nature.
 
Zolotareva A.O.
Belarusian civil society organizations in the youth policy of the German-fascist occupation authorities, 1941–1944
Drawing on archival documents, this study examines the key aspects of the youth policy pursued by the nazi occupation regime in Soviet Belarus. It explores the main thrusts of this policy, the methods employed, and the reasons why the occupiers failed to achieve their objective of enlisting broad sections of the Belarusian youth population in their cause. Particular attention is paid to the ‘Union of Belarusian Youth’ (UBY), as one of the most influential organizations in the region under study.
Key words: occupation, occupation regime, Great Patriotic War, Byelorussian SSR, Wehrmacht.
 
Larionov A.E.
Larionov F.A.
The evolution of management institutions, legislation, and personnel policy of the inland waterways of the Russian empire in the second half of the 19th century
The article describes the development of the institutions of management, legislation and personnel policy of the river routes of the Russian Empire in the post-reform period, which was characterized by a radical change in the structure, which gave the Ministry of railways harmony and flexibility to solve complex tasks in the field of improvement of inland waterways, the establishment of additional services and initiatives that increased the safety of inland navigation, the creation of legislative acts regulating navigation taking into account technical innovations, as well as building a personnel training system for rivermen.
Key words: inland waterways, Ministry of communication ways, institutions, departments, shipping congress, river police, legislative act, river school.
 
Matyash M.S.
Formation of professional competencies in 19th-century officials
In our time, representatives of state power are often dissatisfied, and the bureaucratic apparatus is a universal and most common tool of governance in any developed state. The history of the formation of Russian bureaucracy is not a new direction in domestic historiography. In the 19th century, the Russian bureaucracy occupied the position of a key institution of state administration, determining not only the effectiveness of the implementation of legislative acts but also the nature of the interaction between power and society. It was during this period that the fundamental principles of public service were developed, the foundations of legal regulation of the status of state officials were laid, and the dominant features of Russian administrative culture were defined. The experience of the 19th century provides an opportunity for a deeper understanding of the genesis of modern public administration problems, identifying the peculiarities of the formation of a professional bureaucracy, and assessing the influence of bureaucracy on the evolution of Russia's legal system. Today, studying the life path, ideological attitudes, and professional competencies of past officials contributes to a more objective assessment of historical reforms and their consequences for society. Within the framework of this work, a comprehensive characterization of the portrait of the 19th-century Russian official is proposed, studying their social, professional, and legal characteristics, as well as determining the role of bureaucracy in the system of state administration.
Key words: civil servant, the officialdom, civil service, Russian Empire, education, competence, professional competence.
 
Novoselov P.A.
Features of local government bodies in perm province in the last third of the 19th century based on the materials of gendarme reports
Importance. The work of local government bodies is essential for the successful functioning of society, regardless of historical era. On the other hand, their activities are monitored by forces responsible for maintaining order in society. The history of the interaction between political control bodies and local government is undoubtedly of interest.
Methods. The methodological framework was based on a general scientific method of analysis, a systems approach, and the principles of objectivity and historicism.
Results and Discussion. Gendarme reports are considered a valuable source for studying the effectiveness and actual state of affairs in local government. Critical assessments by gendarmerie officers reveal specific problems and characteristics of these institutions: financial abuses, the social composition and low proportion of intellectuals, conflicts with the population over tax arrears, and a low level of politicization.
Conclusions. At the regional level, local governments have been subject to fairly harsh criticism from the Gendarme Directorate. This is partly due to the specific nature of their work, aimed at identifying shortcomings, and partly due to the actual state of affairs.
Key words: local government bodies, zemstvo, Perm province, gendarmerie reports, 19th century, tax arrears, social composition, political reliability.
 
Stepanova N.S.
On the problem of ancient Yakut anthroponyms
This article examines the transformation of onomastic traditions, which is associated with various historical, economic, socio-cultural, and personal factors. This process, difficult for ethnic communities, touches on deep-seated processes of identity transformation and is an indicator of selfhood and habitus. The expression "when we were Yakuts" (Sakha erdekhhe), often found in everyday conversation and later legends of the 18th and 19th centuries, carries a profound meaning: "when we were true Yakuts with Yakut names." The author acknowledges the profound tragedy of the Sakha people, who lost their traditional names, which were preserved only in the yasak charters of the Russian Empire. This article examines the main works on Yakut anthroponyms and analyzes ancient names from 17th-century yasak books stored in the Yakut Prikaznaya Izba collection (F. 1177) of the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts (RGADA). For example, the 1704 yasak book of the Verkhnevilyuy winter hut contains 1719 names of Tungus and Yakuts who paid the "sovereign yasak".
Key words: Sakha, ancient anthroponyms, identity, transformation, onomastic traditions.
 
Tekeyeva L.K.
Bauchiyev Kh.B.
Tambiyev Sh.Kh.
On the problem of self-identification, genesis and preservation of ethnic culture of Karachays
The article examines the peculiarities of the genesis and dynamics of the ethnic culture of the Karachays. Based on field materials, the impact of globalization processes on traditional culture and the degree of preservation of traditional elements are being investigated. In the course of the work, integrated and interdisciplinary approaches and special methods (observation, interviews) were applied. The author comes to the conclusion. That the introduction and consolidation of new elements led to changes in the appearance and ethnic culture of the Karachays, the loss of many of its traditional components. However, the preserved traditional elements inspire some hope for preserving the ethnic identity of the Karachays in the era of globalization.
Key words: self-identification, ethnic culture, ethnic identity, globalization, Karachays, peoples of the North Caucasus.
 
Khakiyev Ya.I.
Matiev T.Kh.
Artillery of the red army in the battles for Malgobek
This article presents an analysis of the strategic contribution of Soviet artillery units to the successful completion of the Malgobek defensive operation. This battle, which is a key episode in the broader campaign for the Caucasus, was characterized by intense interaction between the various branches of the armed forces of the warring parties. The artillery units, acting in close cooperation with infantry and armored forces, demonstrated a high level of professionalism, effectively neutralizing enemy technical and human resources. The article examines various aspects of the use of artillery, including the use of armored trains and Katyusha multiple rocket launchers, which allowed the Soviet troops to achieve significant success in defensive operations.
Key words: The Great Patriotic War, the Malgobek defensive operation, artillery, armored trains, Katyusha multiple rocket launchers.
 
Yakubova G.Kh.
Yakubov T.R.
The language and national identity of the people
The article describes the results of research on the role of language as a key element of national identity, on the analysis of modern problems and challenges faced by minority languages and regional languages, as well as on the consideration of individual groups of measures taken to preserve them. Historical examples have proved that language has always served as a tool in the struggle for the identity of peoples, and its preservation has been linked to national identity and political strategies. At the same time, political decisions could both strengthen the language and lead to its suppression. In modern conditions of increasing globalization of cultures, erasing the diversity and diversity of the linguistic space, it is necessary to maintain and develop a language policy aimed at preserving languages, as well as using modern technologies and educational systems to popularize them among young people.
Key words: language, national identity, people, preservation of language, disappearance of language, state.
 
 
 
Authors
Afanaseva L.V., Candidate of historical sciences, Associate professor. The department «History and cultural studies», Komsomolsk-na-Amure State University.
Baibulatova D.I., Student, Surgut State University, Surgut.
Bauchiyev Kh.B., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Russian History. U.D. Aliyev Karachay-Cherkess State University, Karachayevsk.
Bochkarev T.E., Student, Kuban State Agrarian University named after I.T. Trubilin, Krasnodar.
Cheltsov B.V., Postgraduate student, Institute of History and Politics, Moscow Pedagogical State University.
Cheprasova T.L., Senior Lecturer, Department of English Philology, Voronezh State University, Voronezh.
Dobrynina O.V., Senior Translator, Department of Linguistics and Translation Studies, Surgut State University, Surgut.
Drozd A.L., Candidate of Philosophy, Associate Professor, Department B4 "Philosophy and History of Russia." Ustinov Baltic State Technical University "Voenmekh".
Egorenkova O.V., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department B4 "Philosophy and History of Russia." Ustinov Baltic State Technical University "Voenmekh".
Ermishkin V.V., Student. Ishim Pedagogical Institute named after P.P. Ershova (branch) of Tyumen State University, Ishim.
Esin R.S., Advisor to the Director for Education, History Teacher, MBOU School № 106 with Advanced Study of Mathematics.
Galkin V.T., Associate Professor of the Center for Educational Engineering, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Yugorsk State University", Khanty-Mansiysk.
Gorbachev D.V., PhD in History, Associate Professor. Saratov Branch of the Volga Region State Transport University, Saratov.
Gorsky A.S., Postgraduate student. Vladimir State University named after Alexander Grigorievich and Nikolai Grigorievich Stoletov, Vladimir.
Gridasova K.V., Undergraduate Student, Linguistics Program, Yugra State University, Khanty-Mansiysk.
Hopiyainen O.A., Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Foreign Languages, Yugra State University, Khanty-Mansiysk. SPIN-code: 3747-7865
Ibodulloev B.D., Assistant Professor, Department of Romance and Germanic Languages, Sotim Ulugzade Tajik International University of Foreign Languages, Dushanbe, Tajikistan.
Ibragimova R.A., PhD in Philology, Associate Professor, Department of Translation and English Grammar, Faculty of Foreign Languages, Khujand State University named after Academician Bobojon Gafurov. Republic of Tajikistan, Khujand.
Kamyshev K.D., Senior Lecturer, Department of History and Philosophy, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Perm State Agrarian-Technological University named after Academician D.N. Pryanishnikov", Perm. SPIN-code: 3323-9498
Kaun S.B., Senior Lecturer, Department of Source Studies, Faculty of History, Belarusian State University. Republic of Belarus, Minsk.
Khakimova A.B., Student, Kuban State Agrarian University named after I.T. Trubilin, Krasnodar.
Khakiyev Ya.I., Second-year Master's student, Ingush State University.
Kholod I.A., Master's student, Faculty of General History and Mass Communications, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia.
Kolesnikova P.V., Postgraduate student, Department of Philology of Southeast Asian Countries, Korea and Mongolia, Institute of Asian and African Studies, Lomonosov Moscow State University.
Komsa M.D., Student, Kuban State Agrarian University named after I.T. Trubilin, Krasnodar.
Kosarev G.A., Full-time postgraduate student in the Faculty of History, Political Science, and Law at the State University of Education.
Kotova A.A., Undergraduate Student, Linguistics Program, Yugra State University, Khanty-Mansiysk.
Kurakina E.V., Candidate of Philosophy, Associate Professor, Department B4 "Philosophy and History of Russia." Ustinov Baltic State Technical University "Voenmekh".
Larionov A.E., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor in the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences. Leonov Technological University named after twice Hero of the Soviet Union, pilot-cosmonaut A.A. Leonov (a branch of the Moscow State University of Geodesy and Cartography).
Larionov F.A., Fifth-year student in the Faculty of History, Political Science, and Law. State University of Education, Lead Archivist at the Central State Archives of the Moscow Region.
Li Jiaxi, Postgraduate student. Moscow State Pedagogical University.
Lutsenko S.V., Student, Kuban State Agrarian University named after I.T. Trubilin, Krasnodar.
Lysenko E.M., Doctor of Philosophy, Professor, Department B4 "Philosophy and History of Russia." Ustinov Baltic State Technical University "Voenmekh".
Matiev T.Kh., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Russian History, Ingush State University.
Matyash M.S., Lecturer, Department of Theory and Methodology of Geographical and Historical Education, Melitopol State University, Melitopol.
Medushevsky N.A., Doctor of Political Science, Professor, Department of Modern East and Africa, Russian State Humanitarian University. Professor, Department of Comparative Politics, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia named after Patrice Lumumba.
Maltsev S.A., 3rd year postgraduate student Institute of China and Modern Asia, Center "State and Religion in Asia".
Matyukhanov V.N., Student. Ishim Pedagogical Institute named after P.P. Ershova (branch) of Tyumen State University, Ishim.
Naboka D.Yu., Student, Faculty of Economics and Management, Belarusian State University of Economics. Republic of Belarus, Minsk.
Novikov K.O., Postgraduate student. Institute of China and Modern Asia, Russian Academy of Sciences.
Novoselov P.A., Postgraduate Student, Department of Philosophy and Social Sciences, Perm State Humanitarian and Pedagogical University, Perm. ORCID: 0009-0009-5315-1164
Popova E.A., PhD in History, Associate Professor, Department of General History, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia.
Rakhmatova M.A., Third-year doctoral student in the Department of Translation and English Grammar, Faculty of Foreign Languages, Khujand State University named after Academician Bobojon Gafurov. Republic of Tajikistan.
Saburova N.A., PhD in Philology, Associate Professor, Department of Linguistics and Foreign Languages, North Caucasus Branch, V.M. Lebedev Russian State University of Justice.
Savelyeva O.A., Master of Arts, Department of Modern East and Africa, Russian State Humanitarian University.
Shavlokhova E.S., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Department of History and Political Science, Kuban State Agrarian University named after I.T. Trubilin, Krasnodar.
Shekhovskaya Yu.A., Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Foreign Languages. Tyumen Higher Military Engineering Command School named after Marshal of Engineering Troops A.I. Proshlyakov, Tyumen. SPIN-code: 9661-1225
Shutova N.E., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor. Vladimir State University named after Alexander Grigorievich and Nikolai Grigorievich Stoletov, Vladimir.
Stepanova N.S., Deputy Director of the State Public Institution "National Archives of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)", applicant at the Institute of Humanitarian Research and Problems of Indigenous Peoples of the North of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Tambiyev Sh.Kh., Third-year postgraduate student, Department of Russian History. U.D. Aliyev Karachay-Cherkess State University, Karachayevsk.
Tekeyeva L.K., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Head of the General History Department. U.D. Aliyev Karachay-Cherkess State University, Karachayevsk. WoS Researcher ID: GZM-2337-2022 / Scopus Author ID: 57225148530 / ORCID: 0000-0002-7461-1926 / SPIN-code: 8197-3310
Trofimov A.A., Student. Ishim Pedagogical Institute named after P.P. Ershova (branch) of Tyumen State University, Ishim.
Vazhenin D.A., Postgraduate Student, Faculty of History, Political Science, and Law. State University of Education.
Veresova A.A., Candidate of Philosophical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department B 4 "Philosophy and History of Russia". Baltic State Technical University "Voenmekh" named after D.F. Ustinov.
Veselov S.D., Postgraduate student. Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University.
Vlasov I.A., Postgraduate Student, Department of Russian History, A.S. Pushkin Leningrad State University.
Yakubova G.Kh., Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor in the Department of Philosophy and Law. Kazan State Agrarian University, Kazan.
Yakubov T.R., Doctor of Veterinary Sciences, Professor in the Department of Biology, Genetics, General and Biological Chemistry. Kazan State Agrarian University, Kazan.
Yusupova M.A., Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Linguistics and Comparative Typology, Faculty of Foreign Languages, SEI “Khujand State University named after academician Bobojon Gafurov”. Tajikistan Republic, Khujand.
Zadorozhnyaya O.A., PhD (History), Associate Professor, Department of History of Russian, Surgut State University.
Zavorokhina N.S., Senior lecturer Ishim Pedagogical Institute named after P.P. Ershova (branch) of Tyumen State University, Ishim.
Zhang Jing, 3rd year postgraduate student, Ivanovo State University, Department of Training of Scientific and Pedagogical Personnel of Higher Qualification (Russian Language direction), Ivanovo.
Zolotareva A.O., Applicant, Department of Modern Russian History, Institute of History and Politics, Moscow State Pedagogical University.