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The Power Of History – The History Of Power. Volume 12. Issue 1. № 67. 2026

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PHILOLOGICAL SCIENCES, LINGUISTICS
  
Lupina A.E. Ethnolinguocultural worldview: interpretation features and methodological perspectives
14
Smirnova E.V., Vedernikova T.V., Shuaipova A.A. The specific functioning of the phenomenon of “denglish” in german political discourse
24
Sodiqova R.A. Some theoretical views on the history of the study of prepositions in Tajik and English
31
Terskikh N.V. About the origin of the US toponyms
39
Aminjonova R.H. Semantico-morphological analysis of the TAJIK simple verb “шудан/shudan” in composite verb formation and its English equivalents
49
Dzhamalova T.Yu., Savina A.V. Anglicisms as a means of self-identification in the digital environment
57
Dilfuzai Islom The notion of «homeland» in the composition of phraseological units of Tajik and English
67
Zafarova Z.A. Some theoretical views on comparative analysis of constructions with non-finite verb forms in Tajik and English
76
Li Yilin A bilateral interpretation and comparative analysis of the cross-border dissemination of Chinese and Russian online literature
85
 
HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND GENERAL HISTORY
  
Gavrilyuk N.P., Dediu E.I. Banknote paper as the foundation of security: technological innovations and industrial control in the production of bank of France banknotes (19th – early 20th centuries)
 95
Zhegalova U.A. The ideology of the “Italian Social Movement” and the strategy of its propaganda in Europe in the 1960s and 1970s
 107
Prom Thary Historical legacies and their impact on Cambodia’s Democratic transition 1993
 118
Goncharov N.A. The labour question in british parliamentary debates, 1918–1921: between revolutionary threat and social reform
 130
Kurovsky S.V., Mishin D.A., Morozov M.A. FRG’S accession to NATO in 1955: genesis, process, and transformation of the European security architecture in the context of the early Cold War
 149
Meng Xin The functioning of border transport stations on the Soviet-Chinese border in the context of the activities of the Far Eastern Bureau of the Comintern
 165
Nabizoda M.S. Sources on Tajiks in the Kokand khanate during the reign of Alim Khan (1805-1810)
 174
Pischikova N.P., Savosina Y.V. Discussion about Britain in the Russian press: public opinion and geopolitics at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries
 184
Prom Thary Institutional imbalance in Cambodia’s parliamentary system: a structural barrier to democracy
 191
Smirnov A.V. Soviet-American negotiations on the settlement of payments under the Lend-Lease system (1946-1948)
 208
Solikhojaeva S.A. The activities of the British agent network in central Asia in 1918-1919
 220
Khakhalin S.I. Bougainville: a brief history, the background of the crisis and the present day
 235
Seraev A.R. The 1997 Madrid summit of the national guard as the first attempt of the global transformation of the military block
 241
 
ACTUAL QUESTIONS OF HISTORICAL SCIENCES
  
Ternovaya L.O., Chapkin N.S. The power of mathematics: the invisible force ruling the world
 249
Mukhamedov R.A., Pivnenko V.Yu. Education and upbringing of youth in the late soviet provinces (based on materials from the Ulyanovsk Region in the late 1970s): achievements, contradictions, and systemic problems
 272
Uporov I.V. Dissidence as a socio-political phenomenon during the soviet “stagnation”
 279
Shchuplenkov O.V., Shchuplenkov N.O. Modernization of the State armed forces in Western Europe – a socio-historical aspect
 286
Eshmatova G.B. Leaders of the Oyrot autonomous region during the Great Patriotic War
 302
Shipova M.A. Manufacturing technologies at the Imperial porcelain manufactory in the second half of the 19th century
 315
Turianskaia К.A., Bobrov A.A., Pankratieva G.I. The phenomenon of glass holder as a symbol of Russian railways
 341
Timerbulatov T.A. Historical experience of the development of the information security system in the RSFSR in 1929–1941. Part 1. Subjects of information security
 350
Bedretdinova L.N. The geographical determinism of early S.M. Solovyov
 363
Guselnikov S.D. The problem of providing medical personnel to the troops of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich during the Russian-Polish War of 1654-1667
 375
Dzhumagulova A.T., Ilyasova A.A., Kolesov M.A. Administrative and sociocultural practices of Crimea’s integration into Russia: problem statement
 387
Eroshkov K.Yu., Popova M.B., Burkova V.A., Vorobyova A.E., Ivanov K.S. The Gestapo’s role in population control
 404
Makarova D.D., Ivanova D.E., Ivanov K.S., Ivanova A.S. The “Cultural Revolution” in the USSR: propaganda, literacy campaigns, and the formation of the “new man”
 414
Kalchenko P.D. Newspapers “Novaya zhizn” and “Utro”, published during the period of the german-fascist occupation in the territory of the Voroshilovgrad region (1942-1943), as a factor of ideological influence on children and their families
 422
Karelina N.N., Mikheeva E.S., Vasiushcenkova T.S., Milyaeva A.K., Mironova E.A. Women in sports in the USSR: historical foundations of women’s physical activity
 428
Lebedev V.P. Harbin as a factor of socio-economic, political, and cultural transformation of Manchuria
 443
Menshikov I.A. Medieval decorations for horse bridles from the exhibition of the Lugansk historical and local museum
 452
 
Abstracts
 
465
Authors
483
 

  

EDITORIAL BOARD
Deputy. Chief Editor and Project Manager: 
Ternovaya L.O., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Moscow Automobile and Road Construction University.
Rybakov S.V., Doctor of historical sciences, Associate Professor of the history of Russian Ural Federal University.
 
Mikhailov V.A., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation, Head of the Department of National and Federal Relations of the Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation.
Dolgenko A.N., Doctor of Philology. Head of the Department of Russian and Foreign Languages at the Moscow Academy of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation.
Kovaleva N.A., Doctor of Philology, Associate Professor. Professor of the Department of Russian Language and Literature of the Institute of Foreign Languages of Nanjing University (PRC).
Nenarokova M.R., Doctor of Philology, Professor of the Department of Theory and Practice of Foreign Languages, Institute of Foreign Languages, RUDN University, Leading Researcher, Department of Classical Literature of the West and Comparative Literature. Institute of World Literature RAN. Interpreter/Translator.
Nagornova E.V., PhD in Philology, Associate Professor of the Department of Theory and Practice of Foreign Languages at the Institute of Foreign Languages of the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia.
Nikashina N.V., PhD in Philology, Associate Professor of the Department of Theory and Practice of Foreign Languages, Institute of Foreign Languages, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia.
Klimenko D.A., Candidate of Philology, specialist in Italy.
Murashko S.F., Candidate of Psychological Sciences, Professor of the Department of Russian and Foreign Languages. Moscow Academy of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation.
Ternovaya L.O., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor MADI (The Moscow Automobile and Road Construction University).
Ivakin G.A., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Expert. Deputy Director of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Psychological Institute of the Russian Academy of Education".
Naumova G.R., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor of Lomonosov Moscow State University.
Nikonov A.V., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, State Councellor of the 1st class, the Lomonosov Moscow State University.
Nechiporenko V.S., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration.
Ponomarenko B.T., Honoured worker of higher education, Professor of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration.
Letunovsky P.V., Doctor of Political Sciences, Candidate of Historical Sciences, head of the department of Humanitarian, Social and Economic Disciplines of the Russian Federation Armed Forces Army Air Defense Military Academy named after the Marshal of the A.M. Vassilevsky Soviet Union.
Varsonofiev V.V., Candidate of Political Science, Military expert.
Chapkin S.V., Honorary Academician, President of the “Academy of Ecology and Law”.
Boltenkova L.F., Doctor of Legal Sciences, Professor.
Ignatov I.S., Candidate of Political Sciences, senior advisor of justice.
Vrajnova M.N., Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor, Moscow Automobile and Road Construction University (MADI).
Honali Kurbonzoda, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Rector of the «National Institute of professional development and training of educators».
Platonova N.M., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor of the Department of Social Sciences and Humanities of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education Far Eastern State Transport University (Khabarovsk).
Ashrapov B.P., Candidate of Philological Sciences. Associate Professor, Department of English, Khujand State University named after Academician Bobojon Gafurov.
Stepanov S.A., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Law Institute, Department of Public Policy and History of State and Law.

 

 

Abstracts
Lupina A.E.
Ethnolinguocultural worldview: interpretation features and methodological perspectives
In the context of globalization and the formation of polyethnic societies, the problem of adequately interpreting the worldviews of various ethnolinguistic cultural communities becomes increasingly relevant. The article is devoted to the theoretical justification and methodological elaboration of an integral approach to studying this problem—the concept of the ethnolinguistic cultural worldview (ELCW).
The author analyzes the evolution of related disciplines (linguoculturology, ethnolinguistics, cognitive linguistics) and substantiates the emergence of a new synthetic field of knowledge—ethnolinguoculturology, which focuses on the triad "language-ethnicity-culture." The key concept of ELCW is operationalized, defined as a dynamic model of worldview reconstructed through the analysis of culturally marked concepts.
Special attention is given to research methodology. The article argues for the need to combine traditional qualitative analysis with digital linguistics tools. It explores the potential of corpus methods, NLP tools, and network modeling for objectifying and verifying the structure of ethnoconcepts.
The scientific novelty of the work lies in the systematization of ethnolinguoculturology as a research direction, the clear operationalization of the ELCW concept, and the proposal of a specific integral methodological framework. The practical significance of the study is linked to the prospects of applying its results in language and culture teaching (especially RKI), intercultural communication, analysis of sociolinguistic conflicts, and expertise in public discourse within polyethnic communities.
Key words: ethnolinguocultural worldview, ethnolinguoculturology, concept, intercultural communication, digital linguistics, corpus methods, multi-ethnicity.
 
Smirnova E.V.
Vedernikova T.V.
Shuaipova A.A.
The specific functioning of the phenomenon of "denglish" in german political discourse
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the phenomenon of «Denglish» in contemporary German political discourse. It examines in detail the sociolinguistic preconditions for the intensive penetration of Anglicisms, associated with the global dominance of English as a lingua franca. Particular attention is paid to differentiating between functionally justified borrowings that fill conceptual gaps and «Denglish» proper—the use of English vocabulary where full-fledged German equivalents exist. The central part of the paper reveals the specific pragmatic functions of this phenomenon in political communication: constructing a progressive image, creating an esoteric code for the political elite, euphemizing unpopular policies, and discrediting opponents. It is emphasized that «Denglish» is not a stylistic device, but a tool of ideological struggle and symbolic politics. The table illustrates how specific Anglicisms fulfill these functions in public speeches and official documents. The article also analyzes the counter-reaction—resistance to «Denglish» from conservative and right-wing populist forces, who use its criticism to advance a nationalist-patriotic agenda. It concludes that the linguistic debate reflects a deep sociocultural divide in German society and serves as a key to understanding contemporary political processes in Germany.
Key words: German political discourse, «Denglish», anglicisms, language ideology, linguistic pragmatics, political communication.
 
Sodiqova R.A.
Some theoretical views on the history of the study of prepositions in Tajik and English
The given article provides a comprehensive overview of the historical and comparative study of prepositions in the Tajik and English languages. It synthesizes key research, beginning with foundational Tajik linguistic works by scholars like Neměnova, who classified Tajik prepositions and analyzed their semantics. The review extends to the examination of primary and compound prepositions, their grammaticalization, and functional evolution, referencing contributions from Tajik linguists such as Siyoev, Khalilov, and Ismatulloev. Simultaneously, the article traces the development of English prepositions from Old English to Modern English, citing leading grammarians like Jespersen, Quirk, and Traugott. The analysis highlights the parallel processes of semantic expansion and structural complexification in both languages, demonstrating how prepositions have evolved from concrete spatial markers to multifunctional grammatical elements. The article concludes that cross-linguistic research offers valuable insights into universal and language-specific trends in syntactic and semantic development.
Key words: preposition, independent parts of speech, poetry and prose, semantic functions of prepositions, types of prepositions, style, Tajik and English, linguistics, comparative analysis, overview of the historical and comparative study of prepositions.
 
Terskikh N.V.
About the origin of the US toponyms
The article examines toponymic vocabulary in the northeastern U.S. states. A key feature of Northeastern toponyms is the presence of lexical elements from Native American, French, German, Dutch, and English.
The study analyzes toponym origins in five states: New-York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland. Quantitative analysis reveals the predominance of English-derived names, reflecting British colonization and subsequent linguistic dominance.
Notably, Native American place names form a significant precolonial linguistic substrate. This distinguishes the region as an area where pre European nomenclature persists within the modern toponymic landscape. The research thus highlights both colonial influence and the enduring legacy of Indigenous toponyms in shaping the region’s toponymic space.
Key words: toponymic vocabulary, Northeastern United States, toponym, oikonym, colonization, English language, Native American languages, borrowings, toponymic space, precolonial substrate, linguistic heritage, quantitative analysis.
 
Aminjonova R.H.
Semantico-morphological analysis of the TAJIK simple verb “шудан/shudan” in composite verb formation and its English equivalents
The given article dwells on the semantico-morphological analysis of the Tajik simple verb шудан – “to become” – in its function as an auxiliary within compound verb formations. Using the corpus of Sadriddin Aini’s foundational work “Reminiscences”, the study systematically investigates the semantic and grammatical contribution of шудан to the composite predicate. The primary focus is on the verb’s role in expressing ingressive (inchoative), transformative, and resultative meanings, thereby forming analytical causatives and passives. A contrastive analysis identifies and categorizes the English translational equivalents for these constructions, revealing patterns ranging from simple verbal phrases (“began to...”, “was...ed”) to complex periphrastic and lexicalized forms. The results demonstrate that шудан is a highly polysemous and grammatically versatile auxiliary central to Tajik verbal morphology, whose functions are distributed across multiple lexical and syntactic structures in English.
Key words: Tajik language, compound verb, auxiliary шудан, semantico-morphological analysis, ingressive aspect, transformative aspect, causative, passive voice, contrastive linguistics, Sadriddin Aini, “Reminiscences”.
 
Dzhamalova T.Yu.
Savina A.V.
Anglicisms as a means of self-identification in the digital environment
This article is devoted to the study of nicknames as modern anthroponyms, reflecting some language processes under the conditions of globalization. According to the pragmatic-communicative approach, nicknames are a means of self-presentation in virtual communication. Therefore, the basis for classification of nicknames is their semantics. However, a great variety of nicknames is existed, due to the fact that they are built of different morphemes. In addition, reflecting the current trends of internationalization of the digital environment, nicknames often contain anglicisms. The article offers a classification of nicknames containing some borrowings from the English language, according to their method of formation: lexical-semantic, morphological and lexical-syntactic. Examples of mono- and polycontent anthroponyms are given as well.
Key words: nickname, self-identification in the digital environment, anglicism, linguistic analysis, morphological analysis, word formation.
 
Dilfuzai Islom
The notion of «homeland» in the composition of phraseological units of Tajik and English
The given article dwells on the notion of «ватан/homeland» within the composition of phraseological units, proverbs, and sayings in Tajik and English and identifies their isomorphic and allomorphic peculiarities. It is noted that phraseological units (PUs), including proverbs and sayings, serve as linguistic vessels for a nation's accumulated wisdom, experience, and cultural worldview. The study aims to conduct a comparative analysis of the notionualization of «ватан/homeland» within the phraseological systems of Tajik and English. The primary data sources included published dictionaries of Tajik and English phraseology, proverbs, and corpora of literary texts. Tajik PUs containing the lexeme «ватан/homeland» and related notions were identified and semantically analyzed. Thus, the notion of «ватан/homeland» is fundamental and positively charged in both linguistic cultures.
Key words: notion of homeland, phraseological units, cultural perception, wisdom, proverb, defense of homeland, home.
 
Zafarova Z.A.
Some theoretical views on comparative analysis of constructions with non-finite verb forms in Tajik and English
The given article dwells on the comparative analysis of non-finite verb form constructions in Tajik and English, grounded in a theoretical framework derived from contrastive linguistics and typology. Non-finite forms– including infinitives, participles, and gerunds– serve as critical tools for syntactic subordination and information packaging, yet their functional and structural realizations vary significantly across languages. By examining these constructions through the lens of Tajik, an Indo-Iranian language with rich synthetic morphology, and English, a Germanic language with strong analytic tendencies, this study elucidates both universal principles and language-specific constraints. The analysis draws on theoretical postulates from descriptive grammars and contrastive studies to systematically categorize and compare the syntactic roles, semantic properties, and discourse functions of non-finite clauses in both languages. Key divergences are identified in areas such as the expression of temporal-aspectual relations, argument structure, and the licensing of null subjects. The article concludes that while both languages utilize non-finite forms for clause integration, the underlying grammatical systems impose distinct rules on their formation and usage, impacting translation strategies and second language acquisition.
Key words: contrastive linguistics, non-finite verb forms, Tajik and English languages, syntax, typology, gerunds, participles, infinitive, translation strategies, expression of temporal-aspectual relations.
 
Li Yilin
A bilateral interpretation and comparative analysis of the cross-border dissemination of Chinese and Russian online literature
Against the backdrop of the dynamic development of digital civilization and the deepening of cultural exchanges between China and Russia, online literature, as a new carrier of digital culture, has emerged as a prominent phenomenon in the bilateral cultural dialogue. Based on the theoretical frameworks of “cultural-semiotic interaction” and “cultural adaptation,” this study provides an in-depth interpretation and a systematic comparative analysis of the bilateral dissemination process of Chinese and Russian online literature. The research posits that this process extends far beyond the mere export and import of cultural products; rather, it constitutes a continuous interplay of cultural symbols and an identity construction within the digital sphere, involving multiple actors such as authors, translators, distribution platforms, and readers. In this process, Chinese online literature, with its systematic world-building and compelling narratives, has elicited profound cultural adaptation among Russian readers– spanning from cognitive reception to practical engagement. Meanwhile, Russian online literature, drawing on its profound literary traditions and spiritual explorations, has achieved aesthetic adaptation based on value resonance within certain circles of Chinese readers. However, content simplification driven by commercial logic, a shortage of high-quality cross-cultural interpreters, and the reinforcement of information bubbles by platform algorithms collectively form barriers that hinder deeper dissemination. Building on this analysis, the paper proposes a series of optimization measures aimed at promoting high-quality meaning exchange and mutual enrichment of civilizations through literary interaction between the two countries.
Key words: Chinese online literature, symbolic interaction, cultural adaptation, cross-border dissemination, intercultural communication, translation strategies, digital platforms, cross-cultural enrichment.
 
Gavrilyuk N.P.
Dediu E.I.
Banknote paper as the foundation of security: technological innovations and industrial control in the production of bank of France banknotes (19th – early 20th centuries)
This article examines a key aspect of French financial history – the technological and institutional evolution of banknote paper production as the foundation for protecting national currency from counterfeiting. The focus is on the transition of the Bank of France from the episodic outsourcing of complex watermarks to private manufacturers to full technological sovereignty and direct control over the entire production cycle. Based on the analysis of archival materials and historical evidence, the process of industrialization of this production in the second half of the 19th century is reconstructed, initiated by a sharp increase in the circulation of small-denomination banknotes (50 and 100 francs). The article explores the interconnected factors of this transition: technological advancements (from manual vat papermaking to the Dupont machine), the crisis of artisanal skills (the disappearance of the corporation of vatmen), and strategic managerial decisions (acquisition of the factory in Biercy, creation of an in-house workshop). It concludes that the response to the challenges of mass circulation and new reproductive technologies (lithography, photography) was not merely mechanization, but the creation of a comprehensive system that combined elements of engineering innovation, preservation of unique manual skills, and strict administrative oversight. This process is examined as the formation of a modern, for its time, model of currency protection, which provided the Bank of France with the production independence and quality necessary to maintain trust in the franc.
Key words: Bank of France, watermark, banknote security, industrialization of paper production, Dupont machine, Biercy factory, vatmen, 19th-century monetary circulation, history of financial technology.
 
Zhegalova U.A.
The ideology of the "Italian Social Movement" and the strategy of its propaganda in Europe in the 1960s and 1970s
The article analyzes the ideology and propaganda strategies of the "Italian Social Movement" (MSI) in the 1960s and 1970s in the context of European right-wing populism. The article examines the specifics of Italian right-wing populism, which is closely related to the neo-fascist legacy, as well as the organizational structure of MSI, its internal contradictions and evolution from radical neo-fascism to a more moderate national conservatism. Special attention is paid to the party's propaganda methods, including the use of mass media, symbols, street actions and youth organizations. The article also touches on MSI's influence on Italian political life and its role in shaping modern right-wing movements in Europe.
Key words: Italian Social Movement (MSI), right-wing populism, neo-fascism, national conservatism, propaganda, Italy, political ideology, radical right-wing movements, euroscepticism.
 
Prom Thary
Historical legacies and their impact on Cambodia’s Democratic transition 1993
The research explores how Cambodia's democratic transition evolved after the 1993 UNTAC-led period through an examination of its historical background. This research evaluates how French colonial rule together with the Khmer Rouge period and Vietnamese occupation have shaped Cambodia's parliamentary system and democratic practices. The research demonstrates how historical institutionalism explains how past occurrences established permanent political frameworks which maintain power centralization and elite dominance in post-1993 Cambodia. The research demonstrates that although the UNTAC period introduced democratic norms through multi-party elections the political system continues to be dominated by historical factors which block complete democratic consolidation. The research helps explain how post-conflict democratization processes encounter barriers stemming from historical trauma which has implications for nations undergoing comparable democratic transitions. Future research needs to investigate external actor involvement in democratization processes and perform comparative studies of post-conflict transitions to better understand how authoritarian legacies can be overcome.
Key words: democratic transition, historical legacies, UNTAC, Cambodian People’s Party (CPP), Khmer Rouge, political patronage, democratization challenges, post-1993 Cambodia.
 
Goncharov N.A.
The labour question in british parliamentary debates, 1918–1921: between revolutionary threat and social reform
This article focuses on the parliamentary debates in Britain from 1918 to 1921 as a reflection of the political establishment's response to the radicalisation of the labour movement following the First World War. The post-war period presented the ruling classes with the urgent task of resolving a profound social crisis, precipitated by demobilisation, economic hardship, and the influence of revolutionary events in Russia. The article pays attention to key political figures who shaped the official response to the challenges of the time—David Lloyd George, the Liberal minister Thomas Macnamara, as well as leaders of the Labour Party, such as Arthur Henderson and James Maxton, whose ideological disagreements within the party disoriented the trade union movement. The author examines both the rhetorical strategies employed by Conservatives and Liberals, which constructed the image of the worker—from 'hero of labour' to 'insurgent'—and the specific legislative measures designed to alleviate social tensions. Attention is given to parliamentary discussions of the Coal Mines Act of 1919, the Mining Industry Act of 1920, as well as debates on the police strike and the problem of unemployment. The author notes that, despite some concessions, the ruling coalition largely employed tactics of delay and rhetorical manoeuvre to block fundamental reforms, such as the nationalisation of the mines. Particular attention is paid to the crisis of the Liberal Party, which failed to propose a convincing programme for the working class and strengthen its position. Parliamentary proceedings are evaluated as a unique source, revealing the establishment's deep-seated fear of a revolutionary threat and its attempts to balance social reform with the preservation of the status quo. The article analyses the issues that caused the most significant friction in the relationship between the government and the labour movement. Among these were questions of wages and working conditions in the coal industry, nationalisation, and the dire economic situation of miners in South Wales and Scotland.
Key words: British Parliament, labour question, David Lloyd George, Labour Party, Liberal Party, strike movement, coal industry, nationalisation of mines, social reforms.
 
Kurovsky S.V.
Mishin D.A.
Morozov M.A.
FRG'S accession to NATO in 1955: genesis, process, and transformation of the European security architecture in the context of the early Cold War
The article presents the results of a study of the genesis, process, and transformation of the European security architecture in the context of the early Cold War following the accession of the FRG to NATO in 1955. The aim of the scientific study is to comprehensively analyze the causes, mechanisms, and consequences of the FRG’s accession to NATO for the military-political and legal architecture of Europe. The article presents the genesis of the “German question” in the European security system (1949–1953), the diplomatic struggle over the rearmament of the FRG and its integration into NATO (1953–1955), the consequences and formation of a new bipolar structure (1955–1961), as well as long-term consequences for the European security architecture. The chronological framework of the study covers the time period from 1949 (the creation of the FRG and NATO) to 1955 (the entry of the FRG into NATO and the retaliatory creation of the Warsaw Pact). with excursions into earlier (Pleven plan, 1950) and later periods (Berlin crisis 1958-1961) to understand the causes and long-term effects.
Key words: Germany's accession to NATO, genesis, transformation of the European security architecture, early Cold War, the German question, consequences, bipolar structure.
 
Meng Xin
The functioning of border transport stations on the Soviet-Chinese border in the context of the activities of the Far Eastern Bureau of the Comintern
The article explores the clandestine mechanism of the network of transport stations established and managed by the Comintern's Far Eastern Bureau (FEB) in Northeast China (Manchuria) during the 1920s–1930s. These stations were crucial elements of the logistical infrastructure, ensuring the illegal transfer of Party personnel, couriers, funds, cipher equipment, and propaganda materials between the Soviet Union and China. An analysis of archival and memoir sources reveals the dual nature of these posts—a combination of legal covers (trading houses, pharmacies, hotels) and the strictest conspiracy. Particular attention is paid to the role of the station in Harbin and the border points of Transbaikalia, as well as the complex system of interaction between FEB agents, Soviet intelligence services, and local Chinese Communist Party activists. It is demonstrated that the system’s effectiveness was directly dependent on the political climate and strict centralized control from Moscow.
Key words: Comintern, Far Eastern Bureau, Manchuria, Transport Stations, Chinese Communist Party.
 
Nabizoda M.S.
Sources on Tajiks in the Kokand khanate during the reign of Alim Khan (1805-1810)
The article describes the essence of Alim Khan's reforms and the transformation of the political life of the Tajik people within the state of Kokand, which quickly transformed from a possession into a khanate. The seizure of the Kurama and Tashkent regions transformed Kokand into a khanate. The struggle for Ura-Tyube between Kokand and Bukhara continued. However, Khujand always remained under the control of the Kokand Khanate. It was Alim Khan who revived the spring agricultural festival of Navruz, which was held in the Chorchaman area, outside the city of Kokand. One of these Navruz celebrations ended in tragedy: an assassination attempt was staged against Alim Khan. The Khan's fatal wound fueled numerous rumors within the country and abroad. As a result, the Emir of Bukhara invaded Ura-Tyube, and the ruler of Tashkent, Khomidhoja ibn Yusufhoja, blockaded the fortresses of the Kurama region. Alim Khan was forced to organize a military campaign against Tashkent, which ultimately resulted in the region's final capture. Alim Khan's reforms, while certainly strengthening Kokand, created many opponents and enemies within the state. It was Alim Khan's opponents who twice staged assassination attempts, which ended with a knife wound. Internal conflicts and infighting ultimately strengthened opposition forces among the military commanders, who were dissatisfied with the military reforms implemented by the Khan, in which the power of regional governors, tribal emirs, and chieftains was limited. It was they who orchestrated the coup d'état, the removal of Alim Khan from power, and his physical assassination.
Key words: Chorchaman, mountain Tajiks, Kokand Khanate, Chorku, Chust, Kurama, Tashkent, Ura-Tyube, Khujand, Alim Khan, Umar Khan, Iriskuliby, Jumaboy-kaitoki, Muhammadhakimkhon Tura, Navruz.
 
Pischikova N.P.
Savosina Y.V.
Discussion about Britain in the Russian press: public opinion and geopolitics at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries
The article explores how Russian socio-political magazines shaped and changed public perceptions of England in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Through examples from publications in Vestnik Evropy, Russkoe Bogatstvo, and other media, the article examines how the press influenced readers' minds. The authors delve into why attitudes towards Britain underwent significant shifts, from condemnation of its policies during the Boer War to a gradual perception of it as a strategic ally after 1907. The work demonstrates that key narratives in the press were directly determined by the state's foreign policy goals, which allows us to consider periodicals as an important medium for conveying the official line to the public.
Key words: public opinion, Great Britain, Russia, World War I, public consciousness.
 
Prom Thary
Institutional imbalance in Cambodia’s parliamentary system: a structural barrier to democracy
This research investigates the ongoing institutional imbalance in Cambodia's parliamentary system after the 1993 Constitution took effect. The Constitution establishes separate powers between the executive and legislative and judicial branches but executive dominance limits the operational independence of other institutions in practice. The research shows that the Cambodian People’s Party (CPP) maintains centralized power while patronage networks and politically aligned judicial structures have led to the decline of democratic accountability. The paper conducts a qualitative examination of legal and political structures to show how the National Assembly and judiciary remain structurally subordinate which damages public trust and hinders rule of law and meaningful reform efforts. The research evaluates executive consolidation mechanisms to propose constitutional and legal and political reforms which would restore democratic principles from the 1993 settlement by rebalancing institutional relationships.
Key words: Cambodia, parliamentary system, executive dominance, institutional imbalance, judiciary, constitutional reform, governance, rule of law.
 
Smirnov A.V.
Soviet-American negotiations on the settlement of payments under the Lend-Lease system (1946-1948)
This article examines the problem of resolving issues of payments under the Lend-Lease system in the process of the first Soviet-American negotiations on the payment of a loan from the USSR in the first post-war years. In this regard, special attention is paid to the official position of Washington and Moscow, illustrating the evolution of the diplomatic positions of the Soviet Union and the United States during the negotiation process. It is worth emphasizing that the American side did not want to make political concessions to the USSR and especially single out the Soviet Union from the total number of "recipient countries" of military-economic assistance under the Lend-Lease. By providing the USSR with preferential conditions for the implementation of temporary contractual obligations for military expenditures. The Soviet Union, for its part, delayed the negotiation process, hoping eventually to reduce the requirements for the amount to be paid. And also, the leadership of the USSR deliberately postponed the transfer of three American battleships to the United States due to the 1942 Agreement on Mutual Military Assistance, as it felt an urgent need for them. In addition, it is concluded that after 2 years of negotiations of varying degrees of intensity, the diplomatic groups of both sides have not reached any definite consensus.
Key words: USA, USSR, lend-lease, negotiations, diplomacy, N.V. Novikov, A.S. Panyushkin, W. Clayton, W. Thorpe.
 
Solikhojaeva S.A.
The activities of the British agent network in central Asia in 1918-1919
This article explores the continuation of the Anglo-Russian military and diplomatic confrontation, which began in the 19th century, during the "Great Game," and continued through the establishment of Soviet power. This article highlights the geopolitics of Central Asia, which was always closely monitored, first by the Russian and then the Soviet authorities. With the adoption of the Soviet declaration concerning the "rights of the peoples of Russia," the outskirts of the former Russian Empire sought to establish their own form of government, attracting the attention of world powers that had long dreamed of establishing their dominance there, primarily Great Britain. It is noted that, given the military and political situation in the Turkestan region, the British intensified the activities of their agents. Britain, by intensifying its intelligence activities in Turkestan, pursued two goals: first, to limit Soviet military advances toward the Anglo-Indian border; second, to establish dominance in Turkestan and thereby realize its long-held dream. To this end, British intelligence repeatedly equipped military expeditions, supplied weapons to groups that did not recognize the new government, and sent agents into Turkestan to organize sabotage and conduct subversive activities.
Key words: Britain, Russia, Turkestan, diplomacy, military missions, spy network, subversive activities.
 
Khakhalin S.I.
Bougainville: a brief history, the background of the crisis and the present day
This article discusses the history of how the copper mine could have been the beginning of the crisis in Bougainville, the path from the acute phase of the crisis to the present day, raises the question of how the governments of the future region came to a financial and bureaucratic problem and what threat of escalation of the conflict they face again.
Key words: Bougainville, Papua New Guinea, Panguna mine, Oceania, Australia, independence, autonomy.
 
Seraev A.R.
The 1997 Madrid summit of the national guard as the first attempt of the global transformation of the military block
In the work the author explores the role of the summit in Madrid in 1997 in the context of changes in the global policy of NATO. The prerequisites of the policy of globalization, the possibilities of expanding the influence of the North Atlantic Alliance in various states are considered. In response to the need for new members, NATO has attempted to change its conditions for membership and has developed a number of documents that govern the content and direction of cooperation between different countries.
In the study, the author examines the prerequisites for the formation of NATO's policy: expanding its influence, establishing partnerships with new states, and using various tools, including the development of agreements and arrangements at meetings, summits, and other events. The 1997 Madrid Summit is considered a meeting that involved a number of states from the "socialist camp," marking a significant step towards the globalization of the alliance and the need to establish new effective mechanisms for engaging with various countries, both existing and potential participants.
Key words: NATO, 1997 Summit, foreign policy, global transformation, member countries, North Atlantic Alliance, socialist camp countries, expansion of influence, political and diplomatic presence.
 
Ternovaya L.O.
Chapkin N.S.
The power of mathematics: the invisible force ruling the world
This article explores the concept of the power of mathematics as a fundamental, universal, and indisputable force governing natural and social processes. It examines the role of mathematics in scientific understanding of the world, its significance in shaping economic, social, and political institutions, and its influence on modern technological and information systems. Particular attention is given to historical examples of outstanding mathematicians who, through their knowledge and application of mathematics, influenced state power and social development. It analyzes the contemporary challenges and responsibilities associated with the use of mathematical models and algorithms in governing society, the economy, and elections. The article emphasizes that the power of mathematics is the power of reason, truth, and ethics, on which the future of humanity depends.
Key words: power of mathematics, mathematical thinking, scientific knowledge, economics and finance, algorithms and technology, political power, mathematical models, history of science, elections and democracy, ethics in mathematics, mathematics education, management and forecasting.
 
Mukhamedov R.A.
Pivnenko V.Yu.
Education and upbringing of youth in the late soviet provinces (based on materials from the Ulyanovsk Region in the late 1970s): achievements, contradictions, and systemic problems
The article presents a comprehensive analysis of the state of the public education system in the late Soviet period, based on previously unpublished documents from the Department of Science and Educational Institutions of the Ulyanovsk Regional Committee of the CPSU (1979). It examines the implementation of universal secondary education, the material and technical base of educational institutions, the ideological and labor training of students, as well as crisis phenomena: the growth of juvenile delinquency, the outflow of youth from rural areas, and the shortage of preschool institutions. Using specific regional material, the study reveals the contradiction between the formal successes declared in official reports and the deep systemic problems that hindered the qualitative development of the social sphere. The article contributes to the study of the everyday life and real practices of the Soviet education system on the eve of the 1980s.
Key words: late USSR, history of education, Ulyanovsk region, universal secondary education, labor education, juvenile delinquency, party documents, regional history, social history.
 
Uporov I.V.
Dissidence as a socio-political phenomenon during the soviet "stagnation"
This article explores the characteristics of the dissident movement in the Soviet Union at the peak of its activity, namely, the late 1960s – mid-1970s. Only the main trends in the development of this socio-political movement are highlighted, in terms of its significance both within the USSR and internationally. It concludes that dissidence as a socio-political phenomenon was part of Soviet history. Even now, several decades later, it can clearly be said that dissidence was a consequence of the unjustified restriction of certain political rights of Soviet citizens, which contradicted the social nature of human society. A number of the demands they sought were codified in law in our country after the collapse of the USSR in 1991. The most prominent dissidents (A.I. Solzhenitsyn, A.N. Sakharov, and others) have received public recognition, although assessments of their activities have changed over time and remain controversial. In this context, it is important for society and the state to learn from the past, weighing their decisions primarily against fundamental human rights and freedoms.
Key words: dissidence, USSR, human rights, protests, demonstrations, samizdat, government, human rights activists.
 
Shchuplenkov O.V.
Shchuplenkov N.O.
Modernization of the State armed forces in Western Europe – a socio-historical aspect
This study is about the formation of state armed forces in Western Europe, which led to the modernization of national armies in the rest of the world, which began in the last third of the 19th century. Its common feature is the idea that wars and armies are not necessarily parts of the same phenomenon. This means that the relationship, both in reality and in the explanations that are based on it, between armed conflicts, armies and their transformations is not direct and does not necessarily have to be consistent.
Key words: armed forces, Europe, historiography, colonialism, conflict, society, reality.
 
Eshmatova G.B.
Leaders of the Oyrot autonomous region during the Great Patriotic War
Based on a wide range of sources, the article shows the life and professional path of the leaders of the Oirot Autonomous Region who worked during the Great Patriotic War and made a significant contribution to the development of the region. The inclusion of previously unpublished and unknown sources in the scientific discourse has allowed for the discovery of interesting facts and information from their biographies. The work is notable for its documentation of names, dates, and locations where events took place. The data provided provides compelling information on this subject. The results of this research can be utilized in educational activities. In addition, it can be used in the planning and organization of patriotic education for young people, as well as in the teaching of Russian history and other social and humanitarian sciences, and special courses on the history of the Altai region in educational institutions in the region.
Key words: The Great Patriotic War, Oirot Autonomous Region, government, Communist Party, regional party committee, regional executive committee, leaders, biographies, contribution, sources.
 
Shipova M.A.
Manufacturing technologies at the Imperial porcelain manufactory in the second half of the 19th century
This article presents production technology at the Imperial Porcelain Manufactory in the Second Half of the 19th Century. It concerns a source study analysis of archival documents dedicated to development of the factory’s raw materials and technological base. These documents contain a wealth of technical information and allow us to trace trends in the development of this type of ceramics. The article gives data on changes in the composition of porcelain mixture, resulting in the refusal of domestic materials in favor of imported ones; on commissioning of new machines and mechanisms; on use of new techniques for artistic porcelain decorating; it presents issues concerning organization of the manufacturing process. The findings of the study are particularly relevant for art historians, museum curators, and restorers when identifying counterfeits, attributing pieces, or choosing restoration techniques of porcelain works. They can also serve as a starting point for modern porcelain artisans when creating new masterpieces of artistic porcelain.
Key words: Russian porcelain, Imperial Porcelain Manufactory, porcelain production technology, porcelain formulation, historical source.
 
Turianskaia К.A.
Bobrov A.A.
Pankratieva G.I.
The phenomenon of glass holder as a symbol of Russian railways
The subject of the study is the podstakannik as an object of material culture and an element of Russian railway service. The object of the research is the podstakannik considered in the context of historical development, artistic design, and ideological content. Particular attention is given to the evolution of the podstakannik’s functions—from a utilitarian everyday item to a stable cultural symbol associated with railway travel. The study examines the main hypotheses concerning the origin of the podstakannik in Russia, the stages of its dissemination and transformation in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, as well as the specific features of its incorporation into the passenger service system. The role of the podstakannik in shaping the visual image of the railway and its significance in cultural memory, museum practice, and artistic discourse are analyzed. The research is aimed at identifying patterns in the interaction between material objects, the social environment, and the ideological frameworks of different historical periods.
The results of the study demonstrate that the podstakannik evolved from a utilitarian household item into a significant element of railway culture endowed with stable artistic and ideological functions. Key stages of its development have been identified, determined by changes in stylistic features, production technologies, and functional purpose, as well as by its role in shaping the visual and symbolic space of passenger transportation.
The main conclusions of the study concern the gradual transformation of the podstakannik into a meaningful element of railway culture reflecting the social, economic, and ideological processes of various historical periods. It has been established that changes in the forms, materials, and decorative solutions of podstakanniks are closely connected with the dynamics of artistic and ideological paradigms within society. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the comprehensive interpretation of the podstakannik through the unity of utilitarian, artistic, and symbolic functions, as well as in identifying its role as a stable cultural marker of Russian railway service. The findings of the study may be applied in research on material culture, museum studies, and cultural studies.
Key words: glass holder, Russian railways, everyday railway life, material culture, symbolization, semiotics of culture, passenger service, cultural memory, tea drinking ritual, everyday infrastructure.
 
Timerbulatov T.A.
Historical experience of the development of the information security system in the RSFSR in 1929–1941. Part 1. Subjects of information security
Ensuring information security is a complex process, combining legal, organizational, scientific, technical, and other areas of state activity. The young Soviet state, objectively assessing information both as a resource and as a source of threats, gradually developed an information security system from its earliest days. In the RSFSR, this system had generally been in place even before the formation of the USSR. However, as the conditions for the state's development, including threats and opportunities, changed, the situation in the information sphere evolved. Of scholarly interest is the question of how the information security system evolved in the complex realities of the 1930s, when, at the initiative of General Secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), I.V. Stalin, a plan for a forced economic breakthrough for the USSR was launched and largely implemented (including through unpopular methods involving repressive measures), aimed primarily at strengthening the security and defense capability of the state. Part 1 of this article examines one of several aspects of the problem: the subjects of information security.
Key words: information, system, information protection, ensuring information security.
 
Bedretdinova L.N.
The geographical determinism of early S.M. Solovyov
The article examines the concept of geographical determinism through the lens of the views of the Russian historian S.M. Solovyov. The author analyzes how geographical conditions, such as climate, topography, and resource availability, influence the development of societies and the formation of their historical paths. The article proposes a comprehensive approach to the study of history that takes into account the interaction between natural conditions and human activity, emphasizing the need for a multifaceted analysis of the factors that shape civilizations, as well as a comparative analysis of the natural factor by S.M. Solovyov and L.I. Mechnikov.
Key words: geographical determinism, social development, historical processes, economic factors, political factors, international relations, criticism of determinism.
 
Guselnikov S.D.
The problem of providing medical personnel to the troops of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich during the Russian-Polish War of 1654-1667
In the 17th century, significant changes took place in the organization of the military forces of the Russian empire. As a result of the reforms of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, the regiments of the new system became the main part of the army. However, the new army required new management and support approaches. One of them was the organization of a medical service. This task fell to the Pharmacy and Discharge Orders. The purpose of this work is to determine the number and quality of medical personnel in the Russian army in the middle of the 17th century. The object of the study is the system of appointment of medical specialists in the army of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich during the Russian-Polish war of 1654-1667. The methodological basis of the research is based on following the principles of historicism, consistency and objectivity. The research is based on such general scientific methods as analysis, synthesis, generalization, systematization. In the course of the work done, it becomes obvious that the supply of healers to the troops during the period under review became regular, but their number hardly allowed them to meet all the needs of the army.
Key words: military field medicine, Russian army, history of medicine, military reforms of Alexei Mikhailovich, XVII century, Apothecary's order.
 
Dzhumagulova A.T.
Ilyasova A.A.
Kolesov M.A.
Administrative and sociocultural practices of Crimea’s integration into Russia: problem statement
The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the administrative and sociocultural practices of integrating the Crimean Peninsula into the Russian Empire from 1783 to the first half of the 19th century. Despite extensive historiography, the synthesis of managerial and cultural mechanisms of imperial policy remains insufficiently studied, which constitutes the novelty of this work. The methodological foundation is based on the principles of historicism and systematicity, comparative analysis, and an institutional approach. The source base consists of legislative acts, administrative documents, statistical descriptions, and materials extracted from the collections of the Russian State Military Historical Archive. The analysis of these materials has revealed key features and contradictions of the integration model: the combination of the unification of provincial administration with the preservation of specific judicial institutions ("Tatar courts"); the gradual yet challenging integration of the Crimean Tatar nobility into the Russian nobility; and a dualistic confessional policy that included the incorporation of Islamic institutions (establishment of a Muftiate) alongside the parallel strengthening of Orthodox Christian presence. It is concluded that the integration of Crimea was a non-linear process of complex dialogue between imperial norms and local traditions, in which a strategy of administrative modernization was combined with tactics of sociocultural adaptation. This allowed the Russian Empire to incorporate the region relatively peacefully, while simultaneously creating a unique and internally conflict-ridden legal and cultural landscape.
Key words: Russian Empire, Crimea, integration, administrative policy, sociocultural practices, legal pluralism, Crimean Tatars.
 
Eroshkov K.Yu.
Popova M.B.
Burkova V.A.
Vorobyova A.E.
Ivanov K.S.
The Gestapo's role in population control
This study is a comprehensive analysis of the functioning of the Gestapo (Secret State Police) as a central element of the Third Reich's repressive apparatus and its role in establishing total control over society [1, 6]. The relevance of this work lies in the need for a systematic understanding of the socio-political mechanisms that allowed a relatively small organization [4, 7] not only to effectively suppress dissent within the country but also to become a key executor of mass terror and genocide policies in occupied territories [3, 8].
Key words: Gestapo, nazi Germany, total control, repressive apparatus, social terror, the Holocaust, and the Einsatzgruppen.
 
Makarova D.D.
Ivanova D.E.
Ivanov K.S.
Ivanova A.S.
The “Cultural Revolution” in the USSR: propaganda, literacy campaigns, and the formation of the “new man”
The article reflects the main issues related to the cultural revolution in the USSR. The events were able to change not only the spiritual and moral culture of the people, but also the appearance of the country as a whole. This process made it possible to move from a capitalist system to a socialist one. The purpose of the research is to analyze the cultural revolution in various fields of human activity, to determine the role of the formation of a “new man” in society. Research methods: study and analysis of literature, statistical processing of the data obtained. The results and conclusions of the study: The implemented changes cannot be assessed unambiguously, as during the years of the revolution and after, great damage was done to various spheres of human activity: the emigration of a large number of scientists, poets, etc., the destruction of architectural monuments. Among the achievements achieved within the framework of the cultural revolution, the following can be distinguished: improving the literacy of the population, creating a unified educational system, and the flourishing of science and culture.
Key words: cultural revolution, USSR, propaganda, educational program, new man.
 
Kalchenko P.D.
Newspapers "Novaya zhizn" and "Utro", published during the period of the german-fascist occupation in the territory of the Voroshilovgrad region (1942-1943), as a factor of ideological influence on children and their families
The article analyzes archival materials taken from the newspapers "Novaya Zhizn" and "Utro", which were published during the German-fascist occupation of the Voroshilovgrad region (1942-1943), as a factor of ideological influence on children and their families. Special attention is paid to the distribution of these newspapers among the local population, which often reflected the future collapse of the Soviet forces and the successful advance of the German army and its allies. In addition, newspaper articles actively promoted assistance to the occupation authorities and the need for citizens to register with the labor exchange, after which they were required to go to work in Germany. The final part of the article concludes that the local population (including children) became victims of German- fascist propaganda aimed at manipulating group consciousness and people's behavior.
Key words: Voroshilovgrad region, German-fascist occupation, propaganda, children and their families, local population, ideological influence.
 
Karelina N.N.
Mikheeva E.S.
Vasiushcenkova T.S.
Milyaeva A.K.
Mironova E.A.
Women in sports in the USSR: historical foundations of women's physical activity
The relevance of the research topic "Women in Sports in the USSR: Historical Foundations of Women's Physical Activity" is due to the significant contribution of female athletes to the development of sports and physical culture during the historical period of the Soviet Union, as well as the lack of research on their role in the historical and social context. The purpose of this study is to identify the main achievements of female athletes and determine the impact of their activities on the formation of gender roles and public opinion in the Soviet Union. This article provides a study on female athletes in the Soviet Union, exploring their participation in high-level sports, their personal achievements, and the impact of their sports activities on society during a specific historical period. The work focuses on women's participation in the Olympic Games, female coaches, the establishment of specialized sports schools for girls, and women's sportswear in the Soviet Union. Attention is drawn to the development of the scientific and theoretical basis of women's sports. The article examines the problems and obstacles faced by women in sports during the period under study. The research method used was a thematic analysis of scientific and methodological literature. The study concluded that the achievements made during the Soviet era indicate the need to continue working in this area. It is important not only to consider historical experience, but also to continuously improve it, taking into account changes in society and new challenges. The development of women's sports is not only a matter of sports and social justice, but also an important factor in shaping a harmonious, progressive, and healthy society.
Key words: sports, female athletes, ideology, history, society, equality, Soviet Union, society, sports, sports schools, USSR, society, Olympic Games, physical culture, female athlete.
 
Lebedev V.P.
Harbin as a factor of socio-economic, political, and cultural transformation of Manchuria
The article examines Harbin as a key factor in the socio-economic, political, and cultural transformation of Manchuria between 1898 and 1945. Based on archival materials from Fund 323 of the Russian State Historical Archive, as well as Russian and foreign historiography, the study analyzes the process of the city’s formation and development as the center of the Chinese Eastern Railway, its role in the modernization of the region, the successive shifts of influence (Russian, Soviet, Japanese, and Chinese), and the emergence of a unique space of intercultural interaction. Particular attention is paid to the dual nature of Harbin’s influence: on the one hand, as a driver of urbanization, economic growth, export development, and the creation of a multiethnic urban community; on the other, as a source of social disparities, ethnic tensions, and geopolitical conflict.
Key words: USSR, Japanese Empire, Manchukuo, China Eastern Railway, Manchuria, Mantetsu, economic expansion.
 
Menshikov I.A.
Medieval decorations for horse bridles from the exhibition of the Lugansk historical and local museum
This article analyzes the decorations for horse bridles from the exhibition of the Lugansk Historical and Local Museum, which were discovered in the Krasnodon district of the Lugansk region. The author provides a detailed description of the set's items, including their metric and weight measurements, and conducts a comparative analysis, based on which the set of bridle ornaments from the Krasnodonsky District is classified as the Gaevsko-Novokamensky type according to the classification by R.S. Orlov.
Key words: ornaments, reshmas, plaques, bridle, ornamentation.
 
 
 
Authors
Aminjonova R.H., Candidate of Science in Philology, senior lecturer of Foreign Languages Department, Khujand Polytechnic Institute of Tajik Technical University named after academician M.S. Osimi, Khujand, Republic of Tajikistan.
Bedretdinova L.N., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Social Sciences, Humanities, and Natural Sciences, Moscow State University of Psychology and Education.
Bobrov A.A., Railway Engineer, Head of the Department of Energy and Engineering Support, Postgraduate Student, Emperor Alexander I St. Petersburg State University of Railway Engineering, Department of Railway Power Supply, St. Petersburg.
Burkova V.A., Student. Ishim Pedagogical Institute named after P.P. Ershov (branch) of Tyumen State University.
Chapkin N.S., Senior Lecturer. Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Russian Economic University named after G.V. Plekhanov". Basic Department of Digital Economy of the Institute for the Development of the Information Society.
Dediu E.I., Senior Lecturer, Department of History Kaluga State University named after K.E. Tsiolkovsky.
Dilfuzai Islom, Doctoral student of the Faculty of Foreign Languages of the State Educational Institution “Khujand State University named after Academician B. Gafurov”, Khujand, Republic of Tajikistan.
Dzhamalova T.Yu., PhD in Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor. Department of Foreign Language and Speech Communication, Moscow International University. SPIN-code: 7084-4306
Dzhumagulova A.T., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Historical and Social-Philosophical Disciplines, Oriental Studies, and Theology. Pyatigorsk State University, Pyatigorsk. SPIN-code: 6955-4591
Eroshkov K.Yu., Student. Ishim Pedagogical Institute named after P.P. Ershov (branch) of Tyumen State University.
Eshmatova G.B., Candidate of Political Sciences, Senior staff scientist. Budgetary scientific institution of the Altai Republic "S.S. Surazakov Research Institute of Altaic Studies", Gorno-Altaisk. SPIN-code: 2665-8729
Gavrilyuk N.P., Candidate of Historical Sciences. Director of the «Buzeon» museum LLC «Polotnyany Zavod Paper Manufacture».
Goncharov N.A., Graduate Student, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration.
Guselnikov S.D., Postgraduate student. N.A. Dobrolyubov Nizhny Novgorod State Linguistic University. National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod.
Ilyasova A.A., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Historical and Social-Philosophical Disciplines, Oriental Studies, and Theology. Pyatigorsk State University, Pyatigorsk. SPIN-code: 2749-5413
Ivanova A.S., Master’s student, School of Education at the Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education “Tyumen State University”.
Ivanova D.E., Student of P.P. Ershov Ishim State University (branch) Tyumen State University.
Ivanov K.S., Senior Lecturer of the Department of Humanities and Methods of Teaching Humanities, P.P. Ershov Ishim Pedagogical Institute (branch) of Tyumen State University, Ishim.
Kalchenko P.D., Postgraduate Student, Department of History. Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "V. Dahl Luhansk State University", Luhansk.
Karelina N.N., Senior Lecturer at the Department of Physical Education, The Kosygin State University of Russia.
Khakhalin S.I., Lecturer of the departments, "General Mathematical and Natural Sciences" and "Land Management and Cadastres". Moscow University of Finance and Law.
Kolesov M.A., Postgraduate Student, Department of Coordination of Research and Innovative Project Activities in Specialist, Master's, and Doctoral Programs. Pyatigorsk State University, Pyatigorsk. SPIN-code: 7041-6045
Kurovsky S.V., Head of the Research Department LLC "Higher School of Education".
Lebedev V.P., 3nd-year postgraduate student, Department of History, State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education of Moscow City «Moscow City University».
Li Yilin, Undergraduate Student. Jilin University, Changchun, China.
Lupina A.E., Candidate of Philological Sciences, Lecturer, Moscow Military University.
Makarova D.D., Student of P.P. Ershov Ishim State University (branch) Tyumen State University.
Menshikov I.A., Assistant Professor, Department of Humanities. Donbass State Technical University, Alchevsk, Luhansk People's Republic.
Mikheeva E.S., Student, direction of training "Design of light industry products", The Kosygin State University of Russia.
Milyaeva A.K., Senior Lecturer at the Department of Social and Educational Psychology, State University of Education.
Mironova E.A., Lecturer, International College of Technology, BIOTECH University.
Mishin D.A., Head of the Editorial and Publishing Department of LLC "Higher School of Education".
Meng Xin, Researcher. Heihe University.
Morozov M.A., Student of the Faculty of International Relations and Foreign Policy, Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia.
Mukhamedov R.A., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Department of History, Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanov, Ulyanovsk.
Nabizoda M.S., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of General History, State Educational Institution “Khujand State University named after Academician Bobojon Gafurov”, Khujand, Republic of Tajikistan.
Pankratieva G.I., PhD in Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor. English Language Teacher, Department of Russian and Foreign Languages, Emperor Alexander I St. Petersburg State University of Railway Engineering, St. Petersburg.
Pischikova N.P., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Ryazan State University named after S.A. Yesenin.
Pivnenko V.Yu., Postgraduate Student, Department of History, Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I.N. Ulyanov, Ulyanovsk.
Popova M.B., Student. Ishim Pedagogical Institute named after P.P. Ershov (branch) of Tyumen State University.
Prom Thary, Postgraduate student at the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia. Civil servant at the Cambodian Ministry of Interior.
Savina A.V., Bachelor's degree in Philology, World Literature, Creative Writing, and Modern Rhetoric, Moscow International University. SPIN-code: 9573-2660
Savosina Y.V., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Ryazan State University named after S.A. Yesenin.
Seraev A.R., Postgraduate student. Moscow city pedagogical university. SPIN-code: 1200-0587
Shchuplenkov N.O., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of History, Law and Social Sciences, Stavropol State Pedagogical Institute, branch in Essentuki.
Shchuplenkov O.V., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of History, Law and Social Sciences, Stavropol State Pedagogical Institute, branch in Essentuki.
Shipova M.A., Candidate of Science degree Candidate of Sciences of the Institute of History and Social Sciences Herzen University, Head Librarian of the Scientific Library Department of the State Hermitage museum.
Shuaipova A.A., Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of the Romano-Germanic Philology and Oriental Studies, Institute of Foreign Languages, ANOHE «Moscow International University».
Smirnova E.V., Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Foreign Languages and Culture. «Russian State Social University».
Smirnov A.V., Master's degree. Novosibirsk National Research State University.
Sodiqova R.A., Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of English Language, Faculty of Oriental Languages, SEI “Khujand State University named after academician Bobojon Gafurov”, Khujand, Tajikistan Republic.
Solikhojaeva S.A., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Political Science Tajik State University of Law, Business and Politics, Khujand.
Ternovaya L.O., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Moscow Automobile and Highway State Technical University.
Terskikh N.V., Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor of the English Language Department. Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University, Krasnoyarsk.
Timerbulatov T.A., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor. Bashkiria Institute of Social Technologies (branch).
Turianskaia К.A., Master of Pedagogical Education, Foreign Language Teacher, Postgraduate Student, Emperor Alexander I St. Petersburg State University of Railway Engineering, Department of Computer Science and Information Security, St. Petersburg.
Uporov I.V., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Candidate of Legal Sciences, Professor. Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, Krasnodar.
Vasiushcenkova T.S., Associate Professor of the Department of Physical Education, Bauman Moscow State Technical University (National Research University).
Vedernikova T.V., Candidate of Philosophical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Linguistics and Intercultural Communication, Institute of Foreign Languages ANOHE «Moscow International University».
Vorobyova A.E., Student. Ishim Pedagogical Institute named after P.P. Ershov (branch) of Tyumen State University.
Zafarova Z.A., PhD student of the department of translation and grammar of the English language of the faculty of foreign languages, SEI “Khujand State University named after academician B. Gafurov”, Khujand, Republic of Tajikistan.
Zhegalova U.A., Postgraduate student. Russian State University for the Humanities.