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The Power Of History – The History Of Power. Volume 12. Issue 3. № 69. 2026

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PHILOLOGICAL SCIENCES, LINGUISTICS
  
Dolgenko A.N., Kosyreva M.S. Overcoming the variability of spelling norms in the dictionaries of the new generation of the Russian language
14
Ivanov M.O., Slobodnyuk S.L. Representation the concept of «motherland» in the poetical heritage by M.Yu. Lermontov
20
Batyreva M.K., Zavyalova Y.A. Speech strategies and tactics of Russian public service advertising of family values
29
Bryukhacheva Y.A., Vyshchepolskaya E.V. Main directions and trends of linguocultural research in China
38
Davlatzoda Rukhsora Some considerations on 10th–13th century historical chronicles on multilingualism and text translation
49
Diabaté Dauda, Adu S.S. Analysis of textbooks for studying types of Russian verbs for foreign students at level B2
59
Egorova M.R., Tutynin K.F. The place of institutional discourse in the system of the national language
70
Eremina O.V. Using digital technologies to enhance motivation of non-language university students learning English: the potential of digital platforms in higher education
77
Ibragimova R.A. Theoretical views on comparative analysis of morphological peculiarities of Tajik prepositional verbal phrases and their English equivalents
85
Millerova A.E., Tsoi N.G. Methods of adaptation and degrees of assimilation of Anglicisms in the Chinese language
96
Pavlova A.V. The concept of “North” in the poetic discourse of Alaska: structure, representation, and national-cultural specificity
104
Sodiqova R.A. Review of research on english and tajik grammar
113
Fidorenko E.A. Nuclear-peripheral organization of phraseological semantic groups “good” and “evil” (based on the works of J. Sand’s collection “Contes d’une grand-mére”, 2007)
123
Khalil Y.T. Syrian state television in the 2011–2024 crisis: shaping collective memory and national identity
133
Khamidova M.N. Causativity and modality: a comparative aspect (based on English and Tajik)
144
Shatskaya Zh.Yu. The core elements of a positive athlete media image: insights from the «AlinaZagitova» blog
160
Batalov A.A., Grushina E.B. Parallelism and lexical repetition in the realisation of the emotional-evaluative component (based on the novel “Jade city” by Fonda Lee)
176
 
HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND GENERAL HISTORY
  
Yakutina E.N. The use of radio for propaganda and public consent under the Fascist regime in Italy from 1922 to 1939
 183
Hu Wenxiu Yang Jie and Sino-Soviet Diplomacy (1937–1940)
 195
Sodikov S.R. Natural-climatic conditions and historical-geographical features of the Tajik part of the Mirzachul plain
 202
Mayer V.D., Semenova E.Y., Sinegubov S.N. The formation of Elizabeth Tudor’s personality: the childhood and youth of the great monarch of England
 215
Reshetnikov G.V. The socio-political debate surrounding the creation of the Federal Reserve System (FRS) in the United States at the beginning of the 20th century
 222
Makarov G.A. Regulatory framework government care for teachers in the Russian Empire
 230
Agarkova M.I. The early stages of Indo-European history: according to domestic linguists and archaeologists
 237
Basov D.S. Comparative analysis of the political regimes of the USSR and Argentina in the 1920s and 1930s
 250
Grigoriev M.A. Vespasiano da Bisticci as a cultural mediator: reconstructing the intellectual networks of 15th-century Florence
 258
Davydova O.A. Power or influence: a discussion on the political role of Queen Arsinoe II
 271
Zolkhoev B.V. On the peculiarities and historical conditions of assigning appellatives (throne names) among the Shanyus of the Southern Xiongnu
 281
Ignatenko V.A., Moshkova A.D., Sinegubov S.N. The evolution of territorial claims in Russian-Japanese relations: historical and legal analysis and contemporary challenges
 287
Kener H.V. Echo chamber as an instrument of “historical politics”: transformation of the image of ally and enemy in the media space of the Axis powers in the 1930s-1940s
 295
Koryakin V.N. The formation of the political image of Russia in The New York Times newspaper of the early 1860s in the context of the Polish question
 305
 
ACTUAL QUESTIONS OF HISTORICAL SCIENCES
  
Uporov I.V. The “labor question” (social guarantees) in Russian ministerial laws (early 20th century)
 317
Timerbulatov T.A., Rakhimyan G.Y. Historical Experience of the Development of the Information Security System in the RSFSR in 1929–1941. Part 2. Legal basis for ensuring information security, development of the institution of secrecy and organization of information protection
 328
Napso M.B., Agirbov T.R. On the issue of the formation of communication systems mediated by the use of artificial intelligence technology
 340
Shamrina Y.A. On the formation of the people’s militia in the Voronezh province in 1805-1807
 355
Shevelev V.Yu. The legal status of teachers in Russia in the second half of the 19th-early 20th century
 363
Nasibullina E.D. Characterization of Karim Khakimov based on foreign sources
 372
Penpedzhi Nagekhan The state of female education in the Muslim community of Russia in the first quarter of the twentieth century
 379
Abramov D.M. Ethnopolitical History. The First Russian Political Emigration (First Half of the 13th Century)
 389
Abrekova Zh.A. From poster to digital technologies: the evolution of channels and methods of youth recruitment in ideological practices of the 20th – early 21st centuries
 404
Acer H.G. The development of economic activities in the fortresses of Svyatoy Krest and Kizlyar in the Caucasus
 411
 
Abstracts
 
433
Authors
451
 

  

EDITORIAL BOARD
Deputy. Chief Editor and Project Manager: 
Ternovaya L.O., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Moscow Automobile and Road Construction University.
Rybakov S.V., Doctor of historical sciences, Associate Professor of the history of Russian Ural Federal University.
 
Mikhailov V.A., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation, Head of the Department of National and Federal Relations of the Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation.
Dolgenko A.N., Doctor of Philology. Head of the Department of Russian and Foreign Languages at the Moscow Academy of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation.
Kovaleva N.A., Doctor of Philology, Associate Professor. Professor of the Department of Russian Language and Literature of the Institute of Foreign Languages of Nanjing University (PRC).
Nenarokova M.R., Doctor of Philology, Professor of the Department of Theory and Practice of Foreign Languages, Institute of Foreign Languages, RUDN University, Leading Researcher, Department of Classical Literature of the West and Comparative Literature. Institute of World Literature RAN. Interpreter/Translator.
Nagornova E.V., PhD in Philology, Associate Professor of the Department of Theory and Practice of Foreign Languages at the Institute of Foreign Languages of the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia.
Nikashina N.V., PhD in Philology, Associate Professor of the Department of Theory and Practice of Foreign Languages, Institute of Foreign Languages, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia.
Klimenko D.A., Candidate of Philology, specialist in Italy.
Murashko S.F., Candidate of Psychological Sciences, Professor of the Department of Russian and Foreign Languages. Moscow Academy of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation.
Ternovaya L.O., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor MADI (The Moscow Automobile and Road Construction University).
Ivakin G.A., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Expert. Deputy Director of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Psychological Institute of the Russian Academy of Education".
Naumova G.R., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor of Lomonosov Moscow State University.
Nikonov A.V., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, State Councellor of the 1st class, the Lomonosov Moscow State University.
Nechiporenko V.S., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration.
Ponomarenko B.T., Honoured worker of higher education, Professor of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration.
Letunovsky P.V., Doctor of Political Sciences, Candidate of Historical Sciences, head of the department of Humanitarian, Social and Economic Disciplines of the Russian Federation Armed Forces Army Air Defense Military Academy named after the Marshal of the A.M. Vassilevsky Soviet Union.
Varsonofiev V.V., Candidate of Political Science, Military expert.
Chapkin S.V., Honorary Academician, President of the “Academy of Ecology and Law”.
Boltenkova L.F., Doctor of Legal Sciences, Professor.
Vrajnova M.N., Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor, Moscow Automobile and Road Construction University (MADI).
Honali Kurbonzoda, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Rector of the «National Institute of professional development and training of educators».
Platonova N.M., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor of the Department of Social Sciences and Humanities of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education Far Eastern State Transport University (Khabarovsk).
Ashrapov B.P., Candidate of Philological Sciences. Associate Professor, Department of English, Khujand State University named after Academician Bobojon Gafurov.
Stepanov S.A., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Law Institute, Department of Public Policy and History of State and Law.

 

 

Abstracts
Dolgenko A.N.
Kosyreva M.S.
Overcoming the variability of spelling norms in the dictionaries of the new generation of the Russian language
The article provides a brief overview of the new generation of dictionaries, which enshrine the norms of the Russian language as the state language of the Russian Federation, prepared in accordance with Federal Law No. 52 and approved by the Government of the Russian Federation. The authors pay special attention to the problem of overcoming the variability of the spelling norm.
Key words: Russian language, dictionaries, orthography.
 
Ivanov M.O.
Slobodnyuk S.L.
Representation the concept of «motherland» in the poetical heritage by M.Yu. Lermontov
This article analyzes M.Yu. Lermontov's poetry within the framework of cognitive linguistics. The fundamental concept of this discipline is the concept. The term has a broad interpretation: it is not only a nomination or a sign, but also an association. The concept is revealed in the connection of words with context, without losing its basic foundation – literal or direct meaning. Therefore, deciphering this process is an interesting procedure. Using Mikhail Lermontov's poetry as an example, this paper analyzes the representation of the concept «MOTHERLAND». The research methodology is relevant and modern, focusing on cognitive science in general and the work of cognitive scientists in particular. The works of N.D. Arutyunova, E.S. Kubryakova, V.Z. Demyankov, Yu.S. Stepanov, and others formed the basis for this study. This work is controversial, as cognitive linguistics is not only a literal record of language changes but also a perspective on its development. In our view, M.Yu. Lermontov's poetic discourse openly objectifies the lexeme «MOTHERLAND» in an expansive manner. The poet's goal is to express important ideas in various narrative forms, on distinct planes. At the same time, Lermontov's lyric poetry constitutes a unified layer of Russian literature, dialogically sustained in its connections with the 19th century and even with the legacy of the past. Thus, a conceptual analysis of M.Yu. Lermontov's poems within the framework of the representation of the concept of «MOTHERLAND» is objective, relevant, and important. The article's materials can be used in the study of the poet's work, as well as the history of Russian literature in general.
Key words: M.Yu. Lermontov, lyrics, concept, language, Motherland, association, style, author, meaning.
 
Batyreva M.K.
Zavyalova Y.A.
Speech strategies and tactics of Russian public service advertising of family values
The article examines speech strategies and tactics in Russian public service advertising promoting family values. Based on advertising texts from 2022-2025, four dominant strategies are identified: positioning family values, emotional engagement, establishing trust, and pragmatic inducement. Each strategy is implemented through specific tactics. The results demonstrate the variability and interaction of linguistic means that provide a comprehensive impact on the audience.
Key words: social advertising, family values, speech strategy, speech tactics, speech influence, pragmatics.
 
Bryukhacheva Y.A.
Vyshchepolskaya E.V.
Main directions and trends of linguocultural research in China
The growing body of linguocultural studies in China necessitates a systematic review of their thematic and methodological orientations and their contribution to linguistics. The article analyzes principal directions and methodological trends of Chinese linguocultural studies, identifying specific features and lacunae in research on concepts (仁 rén, 礼 lǐ, 和 hé, 家 jiā, 面子 miànzi). A combined approach was applied: historico-genetic analysis, thematic classification, comparative analysis and synthesis of corpus-based and discourse methods on the basis of key publications. Major thematic clusters are described (study of concepts; translation studies; phraseology; pedagogy; discourse research); a methodological synthesis (philological + corpus + discourse) and institutional consolidation of the field are demonstrated. Chinese linguocultural studies have formed an autonomous scholarly school with a marked applied orientation; integration of cognitive models and expansion of multilingual / diachronic corpora are required. The paper discusses theoretical and applied implications: challenges of transferring culturally dense concepts in translation and implications for teaching methodology.
Key words: linguacultural studies, Chinese school, concepts, methods, translation studies, methodological synthesis, pedagogy, discourse analysis.
 
Davlatzoda Rukhsora
Some considerations on 10th–13th century historical chronicles on multilingualism and text translation
The given article dwells on recording references found in historical chronicles of the 10th–13th centuries, such as the translation of “Tarikh-i Tabari” by Abu Ali Bal’ami, “Zayn al-akhbar” by Abu Sa’id Gardizi, the translation of “Tarikh-i Yamini” by Abu al-Sharaf Jurfa diqani, and “Gharar al-siyar” by Abu Mansur Sa’alibi. Proceeding from the assumption of the material from such historical works, the author demonstrates that, alongside other medieval works, they contain observations related to language and linguistics, the usefulness of knowing multiple languages, and the translation of texts. Based on the collected material, it is shown that a conscious and responsible translation of the original text into another language will enable the reader to grasp the inner content of the text; otherwise, it may cause the loss of the text’s refinement and artistry.
Key words: historical chronicles, 10th–13th centuries, “Tarikh-i Tabari”, “Zayn al-akhbar”, translation of “Tarikh-i Yamini”, “Gharar al-siyar”, text, culture of speech, eloquence, translation, Tajik language, Arabic language, nature of languages, comparison.
 
Diabaté Dauda
Adu S.S.
Analysis of textbooks for studying types of Russian verbs for foreign students at level B2
The article presents a comprehensive analysis of modern textbooks on the study of types of Russian verbs for international students at the B2 level. The purpose of the study is to identify the linguistic and didactic potential of educational materials, determine the optimal principles of semantic grouping of verbs and develop strategies to overcome difficulties of using Russian verb types by foreign students. Attention is paid to the presence or absence of language, speech and communicative excercises in the analysed textbooks. The article analyzes 10 modern textbooks using comparative and content analysis methods. The typology of exercises presented in modern manuals on aspectology is revealed: language, speech and communicative. Recommendations are formulated for improving educational materials, including optimizing the principles of verb grouping, eliminating sources of negative interference, and introducing contrastive teaching methods.
Key words: Russian as a foreign language, verb types, aspectology, textbooks, level B2, semantic grouping of verbs, foreign students, contrastive linguistics, language, speech, communicative, verb types.
 
Egorova M.R.
Tutynin K.F.
The place of institutional discourse in the system of the national language
The article explores institutional discourse as a mechanism for the standardization and preservation of linguistic norms within the context of Russian national identity. Based on an analysis of 700 thousand words of official texts, key features of the discourse are identified: lexical standardization, grammatical rigor, and structural regulation [5]. The study demonstrates that governmental documents not only normalize language but also reflect cultural values, reinforcing their role as the "language of the state." Particular emphasis is placed on comparisons with pre-revolutionary decrees, Soviet-era regulations, and Western counterparts, highlighting continuity in norms and cultural differences. The findings are applicable to the development of document design standards, business communication teaching, and the analysis of Russian language evolution in the context of digitalization.
Key words: institutional discourse, national language, official style, language standardization, corpus linguistics, digitalization of public services, Russian culture.
 
Eremina O.V.
Using digital technologies to enhance motivation of non-language university students learning English: the potential of digital platforms in higher education
The paper examines how digital educational technologies can enhance learning motivation of non-language university students studying English, using courses at Moodle platform as an illustrative learning management system widely employed in higher education. The study aims to substantiate lingudidactically relevant motivation mechanisms supported by the system and propose a course designed model grounded in motivation constructs. The framework integrates (1) Self Determination theory, (2) established perspectives on second foreign language motivation, and (3) principals of digital pedagogy. The results map core system’s functionalities (progress and completion tracking, badges, interactive tasks and quizzes and tests, communication tools and learning analytics) onto motivational mechanisms and typical motivation deficits among non-language majors. The paper argues that purposeful design increases engagement by making learning process transparent, providing feedback, enabling personalization and strengthening social interaction with tutor. A practical output is a sample of a course for university English in a non-language programs, including tool selection and indicators for monitoring motivational dynamics.
Key words: digital educational technologies, digital platform, motivation, non-language majors, English language learning, tool, blended learning, learning analytics.
 
Ibragimova R.A.
Theoretical views on comparative analysis of morphological peculiarities of Tajik prepositional verbal phrases and their English equivalents
The given article dwells on the comparative analysis of the morphological features of prepositional verbal phrases in Tajik and English. Unlike previous studies, which focused on isolated prepositions, this article analyzes the structural correlation between Tajik compound verbs (with prepositions or nominal elements) and English phrasal verbs. The empirical basis for the study was a corpus of examples extracted from Sadriddin Aini's novel “Slaves” (“Gulomon”), a classic example of modern Tajik prose. The study found that Tajik prepositional verbal phrases exhibit an analytical structure with a fixed component order and the absence of grammatical gender, while English phrasal verbs are characterized by greater semantic idiom and morphological fusion.
The findings have not only theoretical but also practical significance - they can be used in teaching English to Tajik audiences, in literary translation, and in the development of lexicographic resources. Further research in this area, using a larger corpus and experimental methods, will deepen our understanding of the mechanisms of interlingual interaction and create more sophisticated models for automated text processing.
Key words: Tajik and English, prepositional verb phrases, phrasal verbs, comparative typology, morphology, “Gulomon” by S. Aini, theoretical and practical significance, morphological features, mechanisms of interlingual interaction, sophisticated models.
 
Millerova A.E.
Tsoi N.G.
Methods of adaptation and degrees of assimilation of Anglicisms in the Chinese language
The article examines the methods of adaptation of Anglicisms in the modern Chinese language. Following K.E. Kokhonova, three levels of borrowing acquisition are distinguished (phonetic, grammatical, orthographic) along with three corresponding degrees of assimilation (non-assimilated, partially assimilated, fully assimilated). The research material consists of data from an original survey of Chinese students, which made it possible to compare the formal degree of assimilation of Anglicisms with their actual functioning in the speech of native speakers. It is shown that native speakers’ attitude towards a borrowing does not always correlate with its formal degree of assimilation, which necessitates taking sociolinguistic factors into account.
Key words: anglicisms, Chinese language, borrowings, assimilation, adaptation, graphic hybrids, sociolinguistic survey.
 
Pavlova A.V.
The concept of "North" in the poetic discourse of Alaska: structure, representation, and national-cultural specificity
Objective: This article aims to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the multidimensional structure of the concept "North" (its notional, figurative, and evaluative layers) based on the poetic discourse of contemporary Alaskan poets. It also seeks to determine the national-cultural and individual authorial specifics of its representation within the context of cultural linguistics and cognitive linguistics.
To achieve this goal, the following tasks are addressed:
1. To examine the theoretical foundations of concept studies in modern cognitive linguistics and cultural linguistics, defining the structure of the concept and methods for its analysis.
2. To identify the structural features of the poetic concept "North" and characterize the linguistic means representing its layers.
Theoretical and Methodological Framework: The research is grounded in the principles of cultural linguistics and conceptology (V. A. Maslova, S. G. Vorkachev).
Research Methods: The study employs purposive sampling at the data collection stage. At the analytical stage, conceptual analysis, widely used in cultural linguistics, is applied.
Sources: The research material consists of poems by contemporary Alaskan poets: Abigail Chabitnoy, Joan Naviyuk Kane, and Carrie Ayagaduk Ojanen. These poets were chosen because their works are untranslated and understudied in Russia; they reflect the specific value-based attitudes towards the phenomenon of the North, and their texts, as revealed during the analysis, are highly informative for this study.
Key words: concept "North", cultural linguistics, cognitive linguistics, poetic discourse, contemporary Alaskan poetry, three-layer structure of the concept, linguistic worldview, Indigenous peoples of Alaska, identity, decolonization.
 
Sodiqova R.A.
Review of research on English and Tajik grammar
The given article dwells on the study of research on the grammar of English and Tajik languages. It is noted that language is the most important means of human communication, through which people express thoughts to each other and comprehend each other's thoughts during interaction. It should be stated that the grammar of a language forms its fundamental basis. The author has endeavored to provide detailed information regarding the views of Tajik, English, and Russian researchers who have conducted studies related to the grammar of the aforementioned languages.
Parts of speech constitute a special grammatical category, holding a specific order and status in each language, and are determined by distinguishing their morphological and syntactic features. The lexical-grammatical classification of parts of speech allows for the clear elucidation of the lexical, morphological, and syntactic characteristics of each word group. Grammar is the main means of expression and comprehension in any language, providing a scientific basis for strengthening linguistics and learning foreign languages.
Thus, Tajik and English grammar remains a constant focus of researchers in the field. In the modern era, their comparative study holds particular scientific significance for revealing homonymous and heteronymous, synonymous and heteronymous, homofunctional and heterofunctional forms and categories, and for determining the commonalities and specificities of these languages from a grammatical perspective.
Key words: Tajik and English grammar, modern research, commonalities and specificities of languages, homonymous and heteronymous categories, synonymous and heteronymous meanings, homofunctional and heterofunctional roles, views of Tajik, English, and Russian researchers.
 
Fidorenko E.A.
Nuclear-peripheral organization of phraseological semantic groups “good” and “evil” (based on the works of J. Sand’s collection “Contes d’une grand-mére”, 2007)
The article is devoted to the identification and analysis of the core-peripheral organization of the phraseosemantic groups «good» and «evil» in G. Sand's collection of literary fairy tales «Contes d'une grand-mère». The relevance of the study is determined by the need to study the methods of linguistic objectification of ethical categories in a literary text, where phraseological units act not only as nominative means, but also as an instrument of philosophical reflection, reflecting the author's individual picture of the world. Based on the material of the collection «Contes d'une grand-mère» and using the methods of phraseological, contextual and classificatory analysis, as well as the principles of the field approach, a corpus of stable expressions marking ethical meanings was identified and systematized. It was established that the phraseosemantic groups «good» and «evil» are organized according to the core-peripheral principle: the core represents good as an immanent property, and evil as physical violence; The perinuclear zones concretize modes of action (compassion, friendship, institutionalized coercion, and verbal aggression); the periphery introduces reflexive meanings (the simulation of good, the fatality of evil, and protective practices), complicating the binary opposition. As a result, it has been demonstrated that phraseological units in G. Sand's fairy tales serve as a tool for transforming the genre canon, allowing for the synthesis of folklore tradition with romantic aesthetics and natural philosophical issues; the core-peripheral organization of phraseosemantic groups serves not only as a means of systematizing linguistic material but also as a significant element of the author's poetics, ensuring the transition from a naive and didactic model of morality to philosophical reflection.
Key words: phraseosemantic group, good, evil, nuclear-peripheral organization, literary fairy tale, G. Sand, phraseology, opposition.
 
Khalil Y.T.
Syrian state television in the 2011–2024 crisis: shaping collective memory and national identity
The article analyzes the media discourse of Syrian state television (Syrian Arab Television) as a mechanism for constructing national identity and collective memory during the sociopolitical crisis of 2011–2024. The study focuses on the structural features of the channel’s content and its role in shaping interpretive models of Syrian society during the armed conflict. Particular attention is paid to dominant thematic categories (security, sovereignty, national unity, cultural identity, historical memory, traditional values) and the distribution of discursive strategies across news, analytical, cultural-educational, and historical-documentary programs.
Based on qualitative content analysis, it is shown that television functions as a multi-layered system combining informational, interpretive, and symbolic levels of representation. The study takes into account uneven media accessibility, which limits audience reach and narrative effectiveness. The findings reveal the specific nature of state television as a tool for symbolic consolidation in crisis conditions.
The scientific novelty lies in the comprehensive analysis of Syrian Arab Television’s media discourse as a multi-layered system. For the first time, the functional distribution of thematic categories and discursive strategies across program types has been identified, along with the impact of uneven media accessibility.
Key words: Syrian television, national identity, collective memory, sociopolitical crisis, media discourse, cultural identity, symbolic consolidation.
 
Khamidova M.N.
Causativity and modality: a comparative aspect (based on English and Tajik)
This article presents a comprehensive comparative study of causative constructions in English and Tajik, examined through the prism of their modal and evaluative potential. Drawing on data from cross-linguistic systems, the study analyzes the mechanisms by which a causative act is transformed into a tool for transmitting modal meanings of possibility, necessity, and desirability.
The author substantiates the thesis that the causative predicate functions as a dominant modal center, determining the presuppositional and axiological framework of the utterance. The research establishes a hierarchical scale of volitional influence: from rigid factitive causation (coercion), generating deontic necessity, to permissive sanctioning, which objectifies the modality of possibility.
Special attention is paid to the anthropocentric nature of causation, where the choice of lexical units (e.g., force vs persuade / маҷбур кардан vs бовар кунондан) predetermines the subjective-emotional evaluation of the event. It is established that in both languages, the causative situation represents a complex pragmatic complex in which the grammatical "cause-effect" relationship is inextricably linked with the intentional settings of the subjects. The results of the study contribute to the general theory of modality, linguistic typology, and contrastive linguistics.
Key words: causativity, modality, factitive causation, permissive causation, voluntativity, contrastive linguistics, axiological evaluation, deontic necessity, intentionality, matrix predicate.
 
Shatskaya Zh.Yu.
The core elements of a positive athlete media image: insights from the «AlinaZagitova» blog
The article presents findings from explicating an athlete’s media image in the Russian blogosphere. It was established that the dominant element in a positive media image lies in the linguistic objectification of thematic dominants related to professional activities, participation in creative and advertising projects, as well as playing roles and leisure activities.
It was revealed that the key characteristics of an athlete’s media image exhibit a dialogic nature, coupled with emotionality and openness. Within the Russian blogosphere, athlete is perceived and objectified as multifaceted individual who utilizes his potential across public spheres and pursues self presentation.
The aim of our work is to reconstruct a fragment of the athlete’s media image based on data from the Russian blogosphere.
Key words: media image, mass media, media space, blogosphere.
 
Batalov A.A.
Grushina E.B.
Parallelism and lexical repetition in the realisation of the emotional-evaluative component (based on the novel “Jade city” by Fonda Lee)
The article examines the specifics of the realisation of the emotional-evaluative component in artistic text at the syntactic level. The present analysis is focused on establishing the relationship between the syntactic organisation of a statement and its pragmatic effect on the reader. The objective of the present study is to identify the structural and semantic features of lexical repetition and parallelism, as well as to determine their significance in shaping the emotional expressiveness of a text.
Key words: emotional-evaluative component, artistic text, syntactic means, parallelism, lexical repetition.
 
Yakutina E.N.
The use of radio for propaganda and public consent under the Fascist regime in Italy from 1922 to 1939
The article studies the evolution and features of fascist censorship in Italy 1922-1939. in order to deepen the understanding of the propaganda impact of the state on society. The history of fascist censorship has been studied in its development and structuring by the authorities as a comprehensive system of party-state control over all spheres of society. Previously unused archival documents were put into scientific circulation. In March 1933, a propaganda ministry was created in Germany, after the visit of its head Goebbels to Italy, censorship was tightened and G. Ciano was appointed head of the Press Committee, who carried out a reform of the department by analogy with the Goebbels ministry. The process of concentration and centralization of censorship management received a logical conclusion in 1935, when the committee was transformed into a ministry. In the country, the possibilities of the legal spread of ideological values alternative to fascism were completely eliminated. The repressive apparatus, including censorship, created such a public infrastructure that allowed and stimulated the rapid development of only one subculture - the fascist. The study shows that the system of total ideological pressure was more punitive, performed control-prohibitive and manipulative functions, was subordinated to the goal of building a society of consent.
Key words: history of Italy, fascism, censorship, consensus, structural violence.
 
Hu Wenxiu
Yang Jie and Sino-Soviet Diplomacy (1937–1940)
The period from 1937 to 1940 became a key stage in the transition of China’s War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression to a stalemate, as well as an important stage in the deepening and at the same time hidden worries of Sino-Soviet relations in the context of the war. Yang Jie, acting as the head of the Military Delegation of the National Government of China and the Ambassador of China to the Soviet Union, became the central executor of Sino-Soviet diplomacy during this period. With his profound military literacy, good understanding of the Soviet Union and flexible diplomatic strategies, he contributed to the achievement of numerous agreements between China and the Soviet Union in the fields of military assistance, credit cooperation and personnel exchanges, providing China with valuable external support in the War of Resistance. Based on Yang Jie’s diplomatic practice, taking into account the international situation and the strategic interests of both countries, this paper examines the specific measures taken by him in Sino-Soviet diplomacy, analyzes the results and limitations of his diplomatic activities, explores the interaction between his personal role and the historical context, and reveals the complexity and particularity of Sino-Soviet diplomacy during this period.
Key words: Yang Jie, Sino-Soviet relations, military diplomacy, Sino-Japanese War, Chinese Ambassador to the Soviet Union.
 
Sodikov S.R.
Natural-climatic conditions and historical-geographical features of the Tajik part of the Mirzachul plain
This article examines the natural-geographical characteristics of the Mirzachul Plain, including its relief, climatic conditions, and their significance for the formation of an artificial irrigation system. The sharply continental nature of the region’s climate, the deficit of precipitation, and the decisive role of water management infrastructure in the development of agriculture are emphasized. Special attention is given to the political and administrative decisions of the late 1950s, which resulted in 50.5 thousand hectares of Mirzachul lands being transferred from the Uzbek SSR to the Tajik SSR as compensation for territories flooded by the Kayrakkum Reservoir. The process of legally formalizing the change of borders between the union republics and its ideological justification in the spirit of “friendship of peoples” is analyzed in detail. The significance of comprehensive development of irrigated lands for the region’s economic growth and the increase of cotton production in the 1960s–1970s is revealed. The article concludes that, despite challenging natural conditions, Mirzachul transformed into one of the key centers of Soviet agricultural policy.
Key words: Mirzachul Plain, irrigation and land reclamation, sharply continental climate, water management infrastructure, changes in the borders of union republics, Tajik SSR and Uzbek SSR, Kayrakkum Reservoir, development of virgin lands, cotton-growing, Soviet agricultural policy.
 
Mayer V.D.
Semenova E.Y.
Sinegubov S.N.
The formation of Elizabeth Tudor's personality: the childhood and youth of the great monarch of England
This article examines the development of Elizabeth Tudor's personality, examining her childhood and adolescence, which were marked by many controversial moments, from the death of her mother, Anne Boleyn, to the reign of her sister, Mary Tudor. By examining these periods of her life, which undoubtedly influenced the future monarch's reign and life, we can gain a deeper understanding of the contradictory and multifaceted Elizabeth I Tudor.
Key words: Elizabeth I Tudor, Anne Boleyn, Henry VIII, Mary, illegitimate children, Edward, heir, education, childhood, youth.
 
Reshetnikov G.V.
The socio-political debate surrounding the creation of the Federal Reserve System (FRS) in the United States at the beginning of the 20th century
This article explores the creation of a new regulatory authority responsible for overseeing the emission of money in the United States. The issue of establishing such a regulatory authority in the United States was actively debated by various segments of the population and government circles throughout the late 19th and 20th centuries. It became a topic of particular interest following the end of the Civil War (1861-1865) in connection with the ongoing restructuring of the country's financial system. Following the economic crisis of 1893, the issue shifted from theoretical to practical. It presents arguments explaining why bank owners were most eager to establish a monetary regulator. The ultimate reasons for the creation of the Federal Reserve System are analyzed in detail. The mechanisms by which public opinion influences the creation of a monetary regulatory authority are described. The public institutions that influenced and influenced the government in addressing this issue are shown. The article describes the struggle for the creation of the Federal Reserve System between two influential parties in the US Congress at that time – the Republican and Democratic Parties.
Key words: gold standard, exchange rate corridor, silver standard, greenback, dollar, credit.
 
Makarov G.A.
Regulatory framework government care for teachers in the Russian Empire
The study is devoted to the analysis of the regulatory framework of government care for teachers in the Russian Empire in the XVIII – early XX century. It examines the evolution of legislative acts regulating the legal status, financial status and social protection system of teachers. The main attention is paid to the key stages of public policy formation: from the introduction of the first school charters and the inclusion of teachers in the Table of Ranks to the creation of the institute of trustees, inspectors and centralized pension provision mechanisms. A special place is occupied by the study of the transition from the estate-status model to the system of guaranteed financial support for teaching. The work reveals the main trends in the development of guardianship, its contradictions and limitations, and also emphasizes the importance of state support in the development of a professional teaching staff.
Key words: legal regulation, teachers, Russian Empire, guardianship, education, social protection, pension provision, legal status.
 
Agarkova M.I.
The early stages of Indo-European history: according to domestic linguists and archaeologists
The article deals with the problems of patriotic education of young people during the formation of the Donetsk People's Republic. In the constantly changing socio-cultural conditions, the need for the formation of new attitudes to the development of spirituality, morality and patriotism among young people as the foundations of national security of the country is emphasized.
Key words: Indo-European homeland, comparative-historical linguistics, archeology, settlement, proto-language, archaeological cultures, toponymy, cultural genesis, migrations.
 
Basov D.S.
Comparative analysis of the political regimes of the USSR and Argentina in the 1920s and 1930s
The article offers a comparative analysis of the political systems of the USSR and Argentina in the 1920s–1930s. It focuses on the correlation between constitutional norms and the actual mechanisms of power. The relevance of the topic stems from the fact that both states experienced profound institutional transformations in the interwar period, yet developed different models of political order. In the USSR, a centralized one-party mobilizational system emerged; in Argentina, the republican constitutional framework formally remained in place, but political practice shifted toward military-conservative domination after the 1930 coup, the judicial recognition of the de facto government, and the restriction of electoral competition. The object of the study is the political systems of the USSR and Argentina in the interwar period. The subject of the study includes institutional mechanisms of supreme power, the role of parties, the army, electoral legislation, and legal acts in sustaining political domination. The methodological basis includes comparative-historical, institutional, legal-historical, and systemic approaches. The study demonstrates that both systems shared a high degree of centralization and the subordination of representative mechanisms to broader state goals. At the same time, they differed significantly in the sources of legitimacy, the structure of political representation, the role of coercion, and the place of the armed forces in the architecture of power. The article concludes that the USSR represented a consolidated party-state model, whereas Argentina combined formal constitutional continuity with authoritarian transformation.
Key words: USSR, Argentina, political system, state power, one-party system, military coup, constitution, elections.
 
Grigoriev M.A.
Vespasiano da Bisticci as a cultural mediator: reconstructing the intellectual networks of 15th-century Florence
A comprehensive analysis of the work of the Florentine bookseller and biographer Vespasiano da Bisticci (1421-1498) within the context of the social history of knowledge in the Early Renaissance is provided in this article. Bisticci is examined as a key cultural intermediary whose multilayered ties linked the world of humanistic scholarship, the economic power of patrons the arts and the handcraft production of manuscript books. The study is aimed at the reconstruction of the structure and functional characteristics of these intellectual networks based on a critical synthesis of narrative sources and archival documents. The methodological basis is a combination of prosopographical analysis, source criticism and historical anthropological methods. As the result, it is proven that workshop of Vespasiano has functioned as centralized hub, not only providing the material embodiment of humanistic projects but also shaping the channels for the circulation of texts, ideas, and aesthetic standards on a pan-European scale. The conclusion about the need to rethink his role from passive provider to active architect of the Florentine cultural environment of the Quattrocento is drawn.
Key words: Vespasiano da Bisticci, 15-th century Florence, cultural mediation, intellectual networks, history of the book, humanism, Medici, manuscript workshop, social history of knowledge.
 
Davydova O.A.
Power or influence: a discussion on the political role of Queen Arsinoe II
This article examines whether Arsinoe II possessed actual political power or merely exercised influence at the court of Ptolemy II. It considers four types of evidence often cited in support of her authority: military roles, official documents, sibling marriage, and iconography. The analysis shows that none of these aspects proves that she held formal power, though they do suggest that she may have exerted significant influence over Ptolemy II.
Key words: Hellenism, Ancient Egypt, Ptolemy II, Arsinoe II, dynastic cult.
 
Zolkhoev B.V.
On the peculiarities and historical conditions of assigning appellatives (throne names) among the Shanyus of the Southern Xiongnu
This article examines the political nomenclature of the Southern Xiongnu, including both the title of shanyu and the accompanying official appellatives, in the context of the political relations between the Southern Xiongnu and China. It attempts to determine the procedure and historical and cultural conditions for assigning official throne names to the shanyus of the Southern Xiongnu during the Han, Wei, and Jin dynasties. The article analyzes Chinese historical sources and research by foreign scholars.
Key words: Southern Xiongnu, shanyu, titling system, official throne names, Han, Wei, Jin dynasties, Chinese historical sources, foreign researchers.
 
Ignatenko V.A.
Moshkova A.D.
Sinegubov S.N.
The evolution of territorial claims in Russian-Japanese relations: historical and legal analysis and contemporary challenges
This article examines the evolution of the territorial dispute between Russia and Japan over the islands of Iturup, Kunashir, Shikotan, and the Habomaigroup. The aim of the work is to trace the transformation of the nature and rationale behind territorial claims from the first interstate contacts in the 18th century to the present day, identifying the key turning points that shaped the current impasse. Based on a historical and legal analysis of international treaties (the Treaty of Shimoda, the Peace of Portsmouth, the Yalta Accords, the Treaty of San Francisco, and the 1956 Joint Declaration) and academic research, the factors that influenced the dynamics of the dispute are examined: military conflicts, foreign policy pressure (including the role of the United States), and domestic political changes in both countries. Particular attention is paid to contemporary challenges– constitutional amendments in the Russian Federation, the termination of the negotiation process in 2022, and prospects for a settlement in the new geopolitical environment.
Key words: Russian-Japanese relations, territorial dispute, Kuril Islands, Northern Territories, historical and legal analysis, Treaty of Shimoda, Treaty of Portsmouth, Treaty of San Francisco, Joint Declaration of 1956, peace treaty, evolution of territorial claims, international law, geopolitics, Far East.
 
Kener H.V.
Echo chamber as an instrument of "historical politics": transformation of the image of ally and enemy in the media space of the Axis powers in the 1930s-1940s
The paper examines the phenomenon of the echo chamber as a tool for implementing historical policy in the media space of the Axis countries (Germany, Italy, Japan) in the 1930s and 1940s. Based on an interdisciplinary approach combining political science, international relations history, and communication theory, it analyzes the mechanisms for creating a closed information environment under totalitarian regimes. Particular attention is paid to the transformation of images of allies and enemies under the influence of propaganda narratives. Using the example of Nazi Germany, the author shows how, within a single echo chamber, the images of the USSR (from partner to racial enemy), Western democracies, and junior partners in the Axis were constructed and changed to the point of becoming opposites. The author concludes that the historical experience of the 1930s -1940s demonstrates the high potential of the echo chamber as a tool for mobilizing society and legitimizing foreign policy through the selection of historical memory and the formation of images of “the other,” which remains relevant for the analysis of contemporary information and political processes.
Key words: echo chamber, historical politics, propaganda, Axis powers, image of the enemy, World War II, media space.
 
Koryakin V.N.
The formation of the political image of Russia in The New York Times newspaper of the early 1860s in the context of the Polish question
This article is devoted to the history of the formation of the political image of the Russian Empire on the pages of the issues of the newspaper “The New York Times” (NYT) for the period 1860-1862. To reveal the topic, the publication chose to cover such a problem as the territorial, administrative, and police-repressive policies of the tsarist authorities on the outskirts of the state. As a concrete example, one of the directions of the internal policy of the Russian government was chosen in the form of the Polish national question, to which the editors of the NYT showed special interest. The issues of the publication for 1860-1862 are analyzed and characterized. For the first time, a study of NYT numbers for the specified period using content analysis is being conducted. The methodology is based on the theory of orientalism by E.V. Said, which reveals Western stereotypes about "Eastern despotism." At the end of the article, a conclusion is drawn about two trends in the political circles of the empire, which were highlighted by the editors of the publication using the example of Polish politics: liberal-reformist and conservative-reactionary.
Key words: The Polish question, The New York Times, the political image of Russia, the US press, Great Reforms in Russia.
 
Uporov I.V.
The "labor question" (social guarantees) in Russian ministerial laws (early 20th century)
This article examines the "labor question" (social insurance for industrial workers) at the beginning of the 20th century, when it reached its peak. Emphasis is placed on the analysis of draft legislation that regulated the institution of workers' insurance. Other official documents, imperial decrees, statistical data, and scholarly works that address this issue are also examined. It is noted that the "labor question" in Russia increasingly became a topic of discussion after the abolition of serfdom, when industry began to develop at a faster pace in Russia. Several acts were adopted in this regard, but the problem was not fundamentally resolved. From the beginning of the 20th century, when the revolutionary movement, primarily involving workers, expanded in Russia, the authorities demonstrated extraordinary activity, and relevant bills were developed at various levels in government structures, and above all in ministries. One of the most significant was developed by a commission headed by Finance Minister V.N. Kokovtsev. Subsequently, the most important projects, after lengthy discussion, were adopted by the State Duma in 1912; they were in many ways similar to the laws of developed countries. However, these laws failed to be implemented; the article shows the reasons for this. As a result, the First World War crossed out the plans of the Russian authorities to finally implement the long-awaited insurance laws, since the war that occurred in 1917 The October Revolution brought the Bolsheviks to power, who no longer cared about the laws of the empire.
Key words: "labor question," insurance, ministries, bills, commissions, health insurance funds, government, capital.
 
Timerbulatov T.A.
Rakhimyan G.Y.
Historical Experience of the Development of the Information Security System in the RSFSR in 1929–1941. Part 2. Legal basis for ensuring information security, development of the institution of secrecy and organization of information protection
Ensuring information security is a systemic process, and the young Soviet state developed this system from its earliest days. However, as the conditions of state development, including threats and opportunities, changed, the situation in the information sphere evolved. Of scholarly interest is the question of how the information security system evolved in the complex realities of the 1930s, when the government confronted serious external and internal threats to state stability and independence. Part 2 of this article examines the legal foundations of information security, the development of the institution of secrecy, and the organization of information protection. It is established that, to counter external threats, the state focused on classifying information. Particular attention was paid to military secrets. At the same time, criminal legislation regarding the protection of classified information, especially military information, was tightened (espionage, disclosure of secrets, and failure to report such actions were equated with treason, punishable by death). Internal threats to state stability were addressed without changing criminal liability standards, but they were nonetheless implemented with strict measures. By launching a mechanism for large-scale prosecution for the dissemination of information that contradicts current economic policy, the state eliminated obstacles to the implementation of the USSR's plan for a forced economic breakthrough, aimed primarily at strengthening the security and defense capability of the state.
Key words: information, information protection, ensuring information security, state secret, military secret.
 
Napso M.B.
Agirbov T.R.
On the issue of the formation of communication systems mediated by the use of artificial intelligence technology
The article examines the features of human-artificial intelligence interaction in terms of the development of a new communication system and in relation to familiar communication practices. It recognizes the fact of creating a special type of communication – communication through and with artificial intelligence, although it denies the possibility of recognizing AI as an independent subject of communication. As an argument in favor of the non-recognition of AI as a new subject of communication capable of a full-fledged dialogue, the phenomenon of unequal communication with others is cited, the fact of fundamental differences between humans and algorithms, and the inability of each individual user to influence their work process. The thesis is argued about the expansion of the practice of pseudo-communications, about the individual's willingness to use them to an ever-increasing extent, which has a combination of objective and subjective reasons. It is concluded that at the present stage it is possible to raise the issue of "socialization" of AI as a "neocommunicant", which depends on the user himself as much as on the quality of algorithms, and requires the development of forms and practices, adaptive mechanisms corresponding to the essence of algorithmic communication. Its success depends on the level of development of communication in the "person-to-person" system. Due to this, the emphasis is placed on the prospects for the complementary co-development of algorithmic and human communication.
Key words: artificial intelligence, pseudocommunication, algorithmic communication, digital communication agents, technosocial communication environment.
 
Shamrina Y.A.
On the formation of the people's militia in the Voronezh province in 1805-1807
This article examines the formation of a people's militia in Voronezh Province from 1805 to 1807. The article's purpose is to analyze government efforts to establish a general militia as a traditional popular form of armed force. In a feudal society, the state's primary goal in this situation was not only to strengthen the army and the country's defenses in the face of an impending threat but also to preserve landowners. The article analyzes the experience of forming a people's militia, which was planned to consist of 61,000 people, the participation of the provinces in this process, and the challenges encountered in achieving this goal on the ground. The author notes that the Russian nobility played a significant role in both the formation and the readiness of the militia for military action. The nobility, by the Emperor's highest Manifesto on the eve of the war with Napoleon, as a faithful and strong support of the Russian throne, was called upon to take the most active part in the formation of the people's militia, especially in those provinces where there was an acute shortage of officer cadres.
Key words: people's militia, police, war with Napoleon, Russian nobility.
 
Shevelev V.Yu.
The legal status of teachers in Russia in the second half of the 19th-early 20th century
Based on the analysis of legislative acts (the "Charter on Service by definition from the government", the charters of gymnasiums, real and primary schools), departmental statistics and office records, the article reconstructs the complex hierarchy of the legal status of teachers in the Russian Empire of the post-Reform period (1864-1914). The key division into "employees" for the era is considered (officials) and "employees". The main lines of evolution of the status of teachers are revealed: the convergence of the legal status of secondary and primary school teachers (through the institute of pension funds) and, most importantly, the rapid equalization of the rights of male and female teachers, which has become an important factor in the professionalization and feminization of the teaching staff. Special attention is paid to regional and national policies regarding teaching, as well as the gap between formal qualification requirements and the actual level of training of mass teachers. The conclusion is made about the incompleteness and inconsistency of the process of unification of the legal status of teachers on the eve of the First World War.
Key words: history of education, Russian Empire, legal status of teachers, civil service, gymnasium, elementary school, national teacher, zemstvo, women's education, professionalization.
 
Nasibullina E.D.
Characterization of Karim Khakimov based on foreign sources
Karim Khakimov (1892-1938) - a distinguished diplomat whose work in the Arabian East has attracted special attention of researchers for many years. His appointment as Consul General and diplomatic agent of the Soviet Union (USSR) in the Kingdom of Hijaz in 1924 was an extremely important event in strengthening foreign policy relations and the diplomatic presence of the Soviet Union in the region. His experience working in the Arab East gives him a special expertise and allows him to shed light on key aspects of relations between countries. The relevance of research work is enhanced by the centenary of the appointment of Karim Hakimov to a new position and the beginning of the formation of strong and stable relations between the two young countries.
Key words: Karim Khakimov, Soviet diplomacy, Soviet Union, foreign sources.
 
Penpedzhi Nagekhan
The state of female education in the Muslim community of Russia in the first quarter of the twentieth century
Despite the intensification of modernization efforts in education and socio-cultural life among the Muslims of Russia during the first quarter of the 20th century, initiatives regarding the education of girls lagged significantly behind. Ismail Gaspirinsky’s Usul-i Jadid (new method) is significant not only for the modernization of the education system but also for being the system in which women were first included in the educational field. Prior to this period, education for girls among the Muslims of Russia consisted of learning household chores from their mothers or a limited number of girls receiving basic religious instruction from the wives of imams and mullahs in schools and madrasas established alongside mosques. However, in the first quarter of the 20th century, the spark of modernization also reached girls. This article focused on the inclusion of girls in education with the influence of the Usul-i Jadid (New Method) and the establishment of the first girls' schools among the Muslims of Russia during the first quarter of the 20th century.
Key words: Muslims of Russia, usul-i jadid, schools of girls, Volga-Ural Tatars, Central Asia.
 
Abramov D.M.
Ethnopolitical History. The First Russian Political Emigration (First Half of the 13th Century)
In the history of the Baltic States and Russia, the first case of Russian political emigration in the form of a religiously indifferent and pro-German Russian feudal aristocracy occurred in the first half of the 13th century. The first Russian emigrant to the Baltic States was Prince Vladimir Mstislavovich of Pskov. His son, Yaroslav Vladimirovich, followed in his footsteps. The Estonian city of Odense became a center for Russian emigration. The Teutonic Knights and the Bishop of Riga fully supported Yaroslav Vladimirovich, trying to defeat their Russian neighbors with the help of their fellow countrymen who had taken their side. Following this, the Novgorod boyars, who were hostile to the policies of the Grand Princes of Vladimir-Suzdal, also came to Odenpe. After the liberation of Pskov by Prince Alexander Nevsky, the Pskov boyars, led by Posadnik Tverdila, followed the Novgorod boyars to Odenpe. It should be noted that the number of emigrants, including princes and boyars, along with their families, servants, and retinues, in the Chudskaya land could reach three to four thousand people. Consequently, under the leadership of Prince Yaroslav Vladimirovich, several hundred boyar retinues and detachments were united, possessing significant combat experience and representing a significant military and political force. However, the results of the military and political activities of the Russian emigration in the Chudskaya land were clearly unsuccessful. The Novgorod and Pskov feudal elites had clearly miscalculated by relying on an alliance with the Western conquerors. During the thirty to thirty-five years of Russian emigration in the Chud region, it was defeated militarily and politically. The remnants of the emigration partially returned to their homeland, while others were absorbed and assimilated by the Western conquerors.
Key words: Baltia, the city of Odense. Chronicle of Livonia. Russian emigration. Prince of Pskov, Pskov, Novgorod. Grand Prince of Vladimir-Suzdal.
 
Abrekova Zh.A.
From poster to digital technologies: the evolution of channels and methods of youth recruitment in ideological practices of the 20th – early 21st centuries
The article "From Posters to Digital Technologies: Evolution of Channels and Methods of Youth Recruitment in Ideological Practices of the 20th – Early 21st Centuries" presents a comparative-historical study of the transformation of mechanisms for mobilizing youth audiences. The author conducts a parallel analysis of the strategies of state ideological apparatuses of the mid-20th century and modern extremist organizations, revealing both the continuity of basic influence principles and qualitative changes in approaches to consciousness formation.
Based on a comprehensive study of diverse sources – from archival materials of historical propaganda campaigns to modern digital artifacts (closed Telegram channels, propaganda video content, social media) – the work identifies key vectors in the evolution of recruitment practices. The research demonstrates a transition from a monological communication model to dialogical interactivity, from mass uniform influence to personalized content customization, as well as from ideological rigidity to mimetic adaptability, allowing extremist structures to effectively integrate into the digital environment.
In conclusion, the article makes a conclusion about the formation of a new, hybrid model of recruitment that synthesizes traditional ideological narratives with innovative digital technologies. This model is characterized by the ability to adapt to changing media landscapes, creating complex systems of influence that combine emotional engagement with rational argumentation. The obtained results have important implications for the development of modern strategies to counter extremist propaganda and understanding the mechanisms of collective identity formation in the context of digital transformation of society.
Key words: youth radicalization, ideological propaganda, extremist organizations, digital environment, historical evolution, media technologies, memory practices.
 
Gizem A.H.
The development of economic activities in the fortresses of Svyatoy Krest and Kizlyar in the Caucasus
This study examines the development of the economy in the Caucasus region during the 18th and 19th centuries through the examples of the fortresses of Svyatoy Krest and Kizlyar. These regions were not only prominent for their military systems but also evolved into significant commercial and economic centers. The privileges granted to Armenian and Georgian merchants in the Svyatoy Krest fortress contributed to the development of agriculture, animal husbandry, and trade activities in the region. Founded in 1735, the Kizlyar fortress, with its multicultural structure, made the regional economy stronger and more diversified. While trade in wine, tobacco, and grain was prominent in Svyatoy Krest, trade in cotton, rice, and grapes also developed in Kizlyar. This study aims to analyze the economic structure of Russia in the Caucasus region.
Key words: Svyatoy Krest Fortress, Kizlyar Fortress, Caucasus, trade, economy.
 
 
 
Authors
Abramov D.M., PhD in Cultural Studies (Historical Sciences), Associate Professor at the Center for Regional History, Local History, and Moscow Studies, Russian State University for the Humanities, Historical and Archival Institute.
Abrekova Zh.A., Associate Professor. State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education "Nevinnomyssk State Humanitarian and Technical Institute," Department of Legal and Humanitarian Disciplines, Nevinnomyssk.
Acer H.G., Postgraduate student. Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan.
Adu S.S., Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Methods of Teaching Russian as a Foreign Language, A.S. Pushkin State Institute of the Russian Language.
Agarkova M.I., Senior Lecturer of the Chair of World History, FSBEI HE “Donetsk State University”.
Agirbov T.R., Student, North Caucasus State Academy.
Basov D.S., Graduate student. Omsk State University named after F.M. Dostoevsky, Omsk.
Batalov A.A., PhD, Assistant Professor, Department of Foreign Languages in Theory and Practice, the Institute of Foreign Languages, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia.
Batyreva M.K., 2nd-year Master`s student, Surgut state University, Surgut.
Bryukhacheva Y.A., Lecturer. Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Department of Foreign Languages and Intercultural Communication.
Davlatzoda Rukhsora, Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor, Director of SEI “Pedagogical College of Khujand State University named after academician B.Gafurov”, Khujand, Tajikistan. ORCID: 0009-0001-8499-6743
Davydova O.A., Junior Research Fellow. Institute of General History, Russian Academy of Sciences. ORCID: 0009-0003-7593-5310 / ResearcherID: JZT-2224-2024
Diabaté Dauda, Student, A.S. Pushkin State Institute of the Russian Language.
Dolgenko A.N., Doctor of Philology, Associate Professor,Sukharev Moscow Academy of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation.
Egorova M.R., Senior Lecturer, Department of English, Diplomatic Academy, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation.
Eremina O.V., Candidate of Philology, Associate professor Department of foreign languages № 2, Federal State Budget Educational Institution of Higher Education «Irkutsk National Research Technical University», Irkutsk.
Fidorenko E.A., Postgraduate Student. Moscow State Pedagogical University.
Grigoriev M.A., Second-year graduate student. Tyumen State University, Tyumen. SPIN-code: 7776-3152
Grushina E.B., Master’s Degree Student. The Institute of Foreign Languages, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia.
Hu Wenxiu, PhD student, Institute of China and Modern Asia, Russian Academy of Sciences. ORCID: 0009-0006-1456-8176
Ibragimova R.A., Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Translation and English Grammar, Faculty of Foreign languages, SEI “Khujаnd Stаte University nаmed аfter аcаdemiciаn Bobojon Gаfurоv”, Khujаnd, Tаjikistаn.
Ignatenko V.A., Student. Ishim Pedagogical Institute named after P.P. Ershov, branch of Tyumen State University (Tyumen).
Ivanov M.O., Master's student. Leningrad State University. A.S. Pushkin, St. Petersburg.
Kener H.V., 3rd-year postgraduate student, Department of Theoretical Political Science, Faculty of Political Science, Institute of International Relations and Political Science, Russian State University for the Humanities.
Khalil Y.T., PhD student. Russian State University for the Humanities.
Khamidova M.N., Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Translation and English Grammar, Khujand State University named after Academician B. Gafurov, Khujand, Tajikistan.
Koryakin V.N., Postgraduate student of the Department of General History of the Mari State University, Head of the Department of Military Glory of the MBUK Museum of the History of the City of Yoshkar-Ola.
Kosyreva M.S., Doctor of Philology, Associate Professor, Novosibirsk military order of Zhukov institute named after general of the army I.K. Yakovlev of the national guard of the Russian Federation, Novosibirsk.
Makarov G.A. , Postgraduate Student of the Department of International Relations, History and Oriental Studies, Ufa State Petroleum Technical University, Ufa.
Mayer V.D., Student. Ishim Pedagogical Institute P.P. Ershov (branch) Tyumen State University, Ishim.
Millerova A.E., Student, International Philology major. Institute of Philology, Journalism, and Intercultural Communication, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don. SPIN-code: 7261-2522
Moshkova A.D., Student. Ishim Pedagogical Institute named after P.P. Ershov, branch of Tyumen State University (Tyumen).
Napso M.B., Doctor of Law, Associate Professor, Professor, Department of Civil Law and Procedure, North Caucasus State Academy.
Nasibullina E.D., Postgraduate student, Ufa State Petroleum Technological University, 450064, Russian Federation, Ufa.
Pavlova A.V., Senior Lecturer, Department of Foreign Languages for Humanities, Institute of Philology and Language Communication, Siberian Federal University; first-year postgraduate student, Institute of Philology and Language Communication, Siberian Federal University.
Penpedzhi Nagekhan, Postgraduate Student. Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan.
Rakhimyan G.Y., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor. Ufa University of Science and Technology.
Reshetnikov G.V., 3rd-year postgraduate student. Institute of General History, Russian Academy of Sciences.
Semenova E.Y., Student. Ishim Pedagogical Institute P.P. Ershov (branch) Tyumen State University, Ishim.
Shamrina Y.A., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Management of the Stary Oskol branch of the Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education "Belgorod State National Research University", Stary Oskol.
Shatskaya Zh.Yu., Senior Lecturer, Department of Foreign Languages for Specific Purposes. Dostoevskiy Omsk State University, Omsk. AuthorID: 1206976
Shevelev V.Yu., Senior Lecturer, Department of History, State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education of the Leningrad Region "A.S. Pushkin Leningrad State University". ORCID: 0000-0002-2643-8903
Sinegubov S.N., Doctor of Historical Sciences. Ishim Pedagogical Institute P.P. Ershov (branch) Tyumen State University, Ishim.
Slobodnyuk S.L., Doctor of Philosophy, Doctor of Philosophy, Professor. Head of Department. A.S. Pushkin Leningrad State University, St. Petersburg.
Sodiqova R.A., Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of English Language, Faculty of Oriental Languages, SEI “Khujand State University named after academician Bobojon Gafurov”, Khujand Tajikistan.
Sodikov S.R., PhD candidate, Department of Tajik History, Khujand State University named after Academician B.G. Gafurov, Khujand, Tajikistan.
Timerbulatov T.A., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor. Bashkiria Institute of Social Technologies (branch).
Tsoi N.G., Senior Lecturer, Department of Oriental Languages and Cultures. Institute of Philology, Journalism, and Intercultural Communication, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don. SPIN-code: 9914-9799
Tutynin K.F., Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation.
Vyshchepolskaya E.V., Master's Degree. Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Department of Foreign Languages and Intercultural Communication.
Uporov I.V., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Candidate of Legal Sciences, Professor, Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, Krasnodar.
Yakutina E.N., PhD in History, Associate Professor, Department of Advertising Theory and Mass Communications, Moscow University for the Humanities.
Zavyalova Y.A., Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Linguistics and Translation Studies, Surgut State University, Surgut.
Zolkhoev B.V., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Tourism and Service, Buryat State University named after Dorzhi Banzarov.