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The Power Of History – The History Of Power. Volume 12. Issue 2. № 68. 2026

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PHILOLOGICAL SCIENCES, LINGUISTICS
  
Stadulskaya N.A., Antipova L.A. The metaphorical dimension of COP30 climate summit speeches
14
Seden E.A., Arzamazov A.A. Post-irony, linguistic hybridity and metatextuality as strategies of cultural self-assertion in Bogdan Anfinogenov’s text “The last kylbur”
22
Haidarova F.U. A comparative analysis of the structural features of pronominal word combinations in Tajik and English
32
Strelkova A.Y. Activation of learners’ speech activity through communicative games in foreign language classes
41
Batalov A.A., Askerova M.A. The speech portrait of Kamala Harris: linguistic features in the context of the US 2024 election
46
Baranovskaya B.V. Distinction of the term “adequacy” from related terms
52
Bovelieva Y.V. Linguistic personality and text in the digital age
63
Brahima Togola, Bit-Yunan Y.G. The specifics of interpreting the fall of M. Traore’s regime in Malian newspapers
68
Gubin A.Yu. The “creativity-life” dichotomy in Fyodor Gladkov’s industrial novels
76
Gulomova F.A. Evolution and characteristics of military terms in the German, Tajik and Russian languages: a look at the terminological system
87
Ge Ran Analysis of multimodal interaction in Russian stand-up comedy
105
Zakharova I.R. The development of listening skills in German language learning: from traditional methodologies to an extensive approach
113
Lomakina S.A. The world images of Lyubov Turbina’s poetry
130
Batalov A.A., Seregina M.K. TED Talks as a base for the study of the verbal linguistic specificity of public speaking
141
 
HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND GENERAL HISTORY
  
Sinegubov S.N., Shostak V.A., Dolgushina P.S. Transformation of gender roles in the soviet professional environment in the 1930s
 149
Prom Thary Hybrid democracy and foreign influence in Cambodia: the role of China’s unconditional aid and youth perceptions of democracy
 155
Smirnov A.V., Kulikov S.P. US strategic plans for Europe during the democratic Administration of Bill J. Clinton (1990s)
 168
Khramova Yu.V. Official visits and summit meetings between the leaders of Japan and the people’s republic of China as an indicator of the normalization of bilateral relations (2014–2019)
 187
Khugali Mohamed Hassan Abdin The GERD dam as a regional security factor: implications for Sudan and the dilemma of cooperation on the Blue Nile
 200
Jiaji Jin, Yuyue Liu Research on the formation mechanism of Tang Dynasty Imperial capital from the perspectives of climate and hydrology
 211
Abdipatta Z.N., Kayirken T.Z. Border-making and nation-building in Soviet Central Asia: national-territorial delimitation and the emergence of the Kazakh and Kyrgyz SSRs
 223
Abdullaev S.R. The Albanian coast in Napoleon’s Balkan Policy (1801–1807): the threat of invasion
 230
Ambaryan S.S. The problem of the black population of capitalist countries on the pages of the Soviet periodical press
 237
Kurovsky S.V., Mishin D.A., Morozov M.A. Transformation of strategic interaction between Germany and the USA within the framework of the north Atlantic alliance in the context of the European security crisis (2014-2023)
 245
Narbut M.I., Syunnerberg M.A. French women in colonial Vietnam (1862–1945): economic activity and social role
 263
Pau A.N. Subjectivity of the international organization of La Francophonie: criteria and stages of formation
 277
Prom Thary The role of civil society and citizens in Cambodia’s democratic process: participation or marginalization?
 286
 
ACTUAL QUESTIONS OF HISTORICAL SCIENCES
  
Ternovaya L.O., Chapkin N.S. The mathematics of historical narrative: ordinal numbering of events and its role in the formation of collective memory
 303
Shavlokhova E.S., Pashkovsky B.G., Frolova D.E., Likhatskaya S.V. Federalization of the Russian state in Muravyov’s draft constitution
 314
Uporov I.V. Party authorities of the all-Russian committee (Bolshevik) and local councils: interaction in the post-war years
 324
Gnevyshev S.V., Zolotarev O.V. Hitler Youth: anatomy of evil
 333
Zhao Fan History education in the early years of soviet power (1917–1934): from radical sociologization to the restoration of civil history
 351
Antipova A.A. The history of the cultural heritage site preservation (on the example of a residential wing in Chernyshevsky Lane)
 360
Belyaev D.V. The famine plan in the occupied territories of the USSR: goals, implementation mechanisms and demographic consequences of the Nazi occupation policy (1941-1944)
 371
Bryzgalova I.G., Deordieva A.N. The process of formation of a new statehood in the national regions of the north Caucasus (on the example of the Terek region). Features and specificities (spring 1917 – beginning of 1918)
 377
Budaeva A.E. Some aspects of the biography of M. Sakhyanova (1896-1981)
 392
Vlasov I.A. The image of Peter I (the Great) in Russian and foreign scientific journalism and historiography: the specifics of the interpretation of the personality and deeds of the first Russian emperor
 404
Mokeeva M.O., Vozmishcheva E.S., Vtorushina A.P., Ulitina E.D., Ivanov K.S. Life after the feat: psychological transformations of the generation of victors
 423
Gorkush S.V. The battle paintings as a historical source of narrating the events that took place during the great patriotic war
 435
Ershova K.E. Anthropology of sound in the spring-summer rituals of the Sakha people’s calendar cycle
 442
Zakharchenko I.A. Official press of the Russian Empire on the losses of Amur soldiers during the First World war (based on the Priamur Vedomosti newspaper)
 451
Potapova A.N., Telyakaeva A.F. Pages of the history of the Orenburg cathedral
 462
 
Abstracts
 
487
Authors
505
 

  

EDITORIAL BOARD
Deputy. Chief Editor and Project Manager: 
Ternovaya L.O., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Moscow Automobile and Road Construction University.
Rybakov S.V., Doctor of historical sciences, Associate Professor of the history of Russian Ural Federal University.
 
Mikhailov V.A., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation, Head of the Department of National and Federal Relations of the Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation.
Dolgenko A.N., Doctor of Philology. Head of the Department of Russian and Foreign Languages at the Moscow Academy of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation.
Kovaleva N.A., Doctor of Philology, Associate Professor. Professor of the Department of Russian Language and Literature of the Institute of Foreign Languages of Nanjing University (PRC).
Nenarokova M.R., Doctor of Philology, Professor of the Department of Theory and Practice of Foreign Languages, Institute of Foreign Languages, RUDN University, Leading Researcher, Department of Classical Literature of the West and Comparative Literature. Institute of World Literature RAN. Interpreter/Translator.
Nagornova E.V., PhD in Philology, Associate Professor of the Department of Theory and Practice of Foreign Languages at the Institute of Foreign Languages of the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia.
Nikashina N.V., PhD in Philology, Associate Professor of the Department of Theory and Practice of Foreign Languages, Institute of Foreign Languages, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia.
Klimenko D.A., Candidate of Philology, specialist in Italy.
Murashko S.F., Candidate of Psychological Sciences, Professor of the Department of Russian and Foreign Languages. Moscow Academy of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation.
Ternovaya L.O., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor MADI (The Moscow Automobile and Road Construction University).
Ivakin G.A., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Expert. Deputy Director of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Psychological Institute of the Russian Academy of Education".
Naumova G.R., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor of Lomonosov Moscow State University.
Nikonov A.V., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, State Councellor of the 1st class, the Lomonosov Moscow State University.
Nechiporenko V.S., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration.
Ponomarenko B.T., Honoured worker of higher education, Professor of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration.
Letunovsky P.V., Doctor of Political Sciences, Candidate of Historical Sciences, head of the department of Humanitarian, Social and Economic Disciplines of the Russian Federation Armed Forces Army Air Defense Military Academy named after the Marshal of the A.M. Vassilevsky Soviet Union.
Varsonofiev V.V., Candidate of Political Science, Military expert.
Chapkin S.V., Honorary Academician, President of the “Academy of Ecology and Law”.
Boltenkova L.F., Doctor of Legal Sciences, Professor.
Vrajnova M.N., Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor, Moscow Automobile and Road Construction University (MADI).
Honali Kurbonzoda, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Rector of the «National Institute of professional development and training of educators».
Platonova N.M., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor of the Department of Social Sciences and Humanities of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education Far Eastern State Transport University (Khabarovsk).
Ashrapov B.P., Candidate of Philological Sciences. Associate Professor, Department of English, Khujand State University named after Academician Bobojon Gafurov.
Stepanov S.A., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Law Institute, Department of Public Policy and History of State and Law.

 

 

Abstracts
Stadulskaya N.A.
Antipova L.A.
The metaphorical dimension of COP30 climate summit speeches
The article is devoted to the study of the metaphorical dimension of the speeches of the participants of the thirtieth Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP30), held in Belém (Brazil) in November 2025. The relevance of the research is determined by the need to understand how linguistic means, in particular metaphors, construct the perception of the climate crisis and influence political decision-making in the context of a growing gap between the rhetoric of ambitions and the real results of negotiations. The research was based on official speeches by speakers and leaders of states, representatives of indigenous peoples, as well as analytical comments by experts published during the conference and immediately after its end. The theoretical significance of the research lies in clarifying ideas about the pragmatic potential of metaphor in political discourse and its role in constructing climate reality. The practical significance is related to the possibility of using the results in courses in political linguistics, translation theory, and environmental communication.
Key words: climate discourse, political metaphor, discursive strategies, conceptual metaphor, speech impact.
 
Seden E.A.
Arzamazov A.A.
Post-irony, linguistic hybridity and metatextuality as strategies of cultural self-assertion in Bogdan Anfinogenov’s text “The last kylbur”
The article examines Bogdan Anfinogenov’s poetic text “The Last Kylbur.” It analyzes post-irony, linguistic hybridity and metatextuality as key elements of its artistic structure and determines their role in shaping a strategy of cultural self-assertion. Particular attention is paid to the functioning of hybrid language and digital markers as means of representing ethnic identity under conditions of socio-cultural fragmentation. The author emphasizes that the text represents a synthetic phenomenon of contemporary Udmurt literature, reflecting the transformation of ethnofuturism and the specific features of minority literatures in the digital era.
Key words: Bogdan Anfinogenov, Udmurt literature, ethnofuturism, postirony, linguistic hybridity, metatextuality, digital poetics, cultural identity, and linguistic decolonization.
 
Haidarova F.U.
A comparative analysis of the structural features of pronominal word combinations in Tajik and English
The article examines the structural features of pronominal word combinations in the Tajik and English languages from a comparative perspective. Special attention is paid to the classification of pronominal phrases, their morphological and syntactic structure, as well as their functions within the sentence. Similarities and differences in the positional arrangement of pronouns, agreement and government patterns, and their interaction with nominal and verbal components of word combinations are analyzed. The research material is based on examples taken from literary and journalistic texts in both languages. As a result, typological characteristics of the Tajik and English languages, determined by their belonging to different language systems, are identified. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the specificity of pronominal constructions and may be applied in translation theory, contrastive linguistics, and the practice of foreign language teaching.
Key words: pronominal word combinations, indefinite pronouns, personal pronouns, adjunct, head, izafet, adjunction, contrastive analysis, English language, Tajik language.
 
Strelkova A.Y.
Activation of learners' speech activity through communicative games in foreign language classes
The article substantiates the effectiveness of communicative games in activating speech activity among learners. Game-based technologies, exemplified by communicative games, are considered as a means of enhancing motivation, reducing language anxiety, and transforming language skills into communicative competences. The stages of game organization and the teacher's role as a moderator and facilitator of the process are analyzed. Both basic games and professionally-oriented scenarios (case studies, business simulations) for modeling future professional activity are examined.
Key words: communicative games, learning motivation, game-based technologies, teacher's role, teaching methodology, language skills, communicative competences.
 
Batalov A.A.
Askerova M.A.
The speech portrait of Kamala Harris: linguistic features in the context of the US 2024 election
The article is devoted to the study of features of the speech portrait of the politician. The study analyzes the speech portrait of Kamala Harris in the context of the politician’s defeat at election 2024 in the United States and the impact of this context on the verbalization of political ideas. The objective of the research is to identify the linguistic means by which the speech portrait of Kamala Harris is formed within the framework of the defeat at the US presidential election 2024.
Key words: political discourse, linguistic personality, speech portrait, political speech, context, stylistic devices.
 
Baranovskaya B.V.
Distinction of the term "adequacy" from related terms
In this article, the author compares the term "adequacy" of translation with other related terms used in the translation of texts. To achieve maximum adequacy in translation, the translator, in addition to reproducing stylistic and semantic features, must pay attention to the perception of the text by readers, who must perceive the translated text in the same way as a native speaker of the source language. Translation decisions are subjective and depend on the translator's perception of the source text.
Key words: adequacy, translation, terms, equivalence, completeness, functionality.
 
Bovelieva Y.V.
Linguistic personality and text in the digital age
In the context of the development of the digital age, the linguistic personality is undergoing significant transformations. The article examines how changes in communication practices affect text and the formation of linguistic personality, explores new features and trends emerging as a result of the widespread use of digital technologies in everyday life.
Key words: linguistic personality, digital personality, digital age, text, information communications.
 
Brahima Togola
Bit-Yunan Y.G.
The specifics of interpreting the fall of M. Traore's regime in Malian newspapers
The article examines the specific features of media interpretations of the fall of Moussa Traoré’s regime in the Malian press. The study analyzes how the political crisis of 1991 was covered by both state-controlled and independent newspapers in Mali. Attention is paid to differences in interpretations regarding the causes of the regime’s collapse, the role of protest movements, the army, and international factors. Based on a comparative analysis of publications in the newspapers ‘L’Essor’’, ‘’Les Echos’’, and ‘’L’Indépendant’, the paper identifies key media discourse strategies such as the delegitimization of the authoritarian regime, the legitimization of political transition, the mobilization of public opinion, and the construction of collective memory about the events of March 1991. The study concludes that the Malian press at that period played a significant role in shaping public perceptions of the political crisis and the democratic transition in Mali.
Key words: Mali, Moussa Traoré, press, Political crisis, democratization, media discourse, Political communication.
 
Gubin A.Yu.
The "creativity-life" dichotomy in Fyodor Gladkov's industrial novels
This article examines the dichotomy of "creativity versus life" in Fyodor Gladkov's industrial novels ("Cement," "Energy") within the context of the emergence and development of the industrial novel genre in Soviet literature. It explores the influence of historical and cultural conditions, the ideological tenets of socialist realism, and the documentary basis of the works on the artistic embodiment of the theme of labor. Particular attention is paid to the psychological depth of the characters, moral conflicts, and the contemporary relevance of the issues raised by Gladkov. A parallel is drawn between Soviet industrial novels and their contemporary counterparts, reflecting digital transformation and new socioeconomic realities. The article emphasizes the enduring value of Gladkov's works as a historical and cultural legacy and a source for understanding the role of labor in human life.
Key words: Fyodor Gladkov, industrial novel, socialist realism, "Cement," "Energy," dichotomy of creativity and life, labor, industrialization, Soviet literature, contemporary industrial novel, digital transformation, psychologism, historical and cultural context.
 
Gulomova F.A.
Evolution and characteristics of military terms in the German, Tajik and Russian languages: a look at the terminological system
This article focuses on military terms used in German language teaching and their equivalents in Tajik and Russian. Current globalization processes require linguists to reconsider approaches to teaching foreign languages at all levels and develop new educational programs and methods. Specifically, the study of German military terms in German language teaching must be implemented in a new format and using new methods.
Due to the peculiarities of the German language, approximately 80% of German military terms are complex words. Unfortunately, the Tajik reader, due to the difficulty of understanding military terms in German, is unable to properly comprehend and utilize their original meanings. The author decided to conduct research on this issue to make a significant contribution to the development and growth of Tajik linguistics. In this regard, a number of military terms are discussed in this article.
The purpose of this study is to identify and present modern and effective methods and approaches for studying military terms in German language teaching. The novelty of this study lies in the author's combination of a classical approach to the study of foreign languages and terms with the development of modern technologies.
Key words: specialized, term, translation, German language teaching, professional vocabulary, military terminology, linguistics, equivalent, foreign language, method, education, Technologie, scientific.
 
Ge Ran
Analysis of multimodal interaction in Russian stand-up comedy
The article examines the phenomenon of multimodal interaction between performers and live audiences in Russian stand-up comedy. It offers a detailed typology of specific multimodal interactional forms present in stand-up performances and, by analyzing the cooperation of verbal and non-verbal modalities, provides a comprehensive account of the interactional features manifested at different levels. The study systematically investigates the pivotal role of multimodal interaction in the staging of stand-up as an art form and in the transmission of the effects of comedic performance. Drawing on concrete performance examples, the research reconstructs the mechanisms of humor generation for each identified interactional form, thereby providing both a theoretical foundation and empirical illustrations for cross-cultural studies of comedy and for applied work in multimodal interaction theory.
Key words: multimodality, multimodal interaction, stand-up, comedy, humor, modality.
 
Zakharova I.R.
The development of listening skills in German language learning: from traditional methodologies to an extensive approach
The article is devoted to the development of listening comprehension skills in learning a foreign (German) language. The first part examines the evolution of methodological approaches to teaching listening comprehension – from the grammar-translation method to communicative didactics. It analyzes the cognitive processes underlying listening comprehension, in particular the interaction of "bottom-up" strategies (decoding linguistic units) and "top-down" strategies (using background knowledge and context). Typical mistakes in performing listening exercises are identified, and an optimal three-phase model for working with audio texts (pre-listening phase, while-listening phase, post-listening phase) is proposed, with a detailed description of the goals and activities at each stage. Using the textbook "Schritte plus neu 3" as an example, a didactic analysis of tasks for audio texts is carried out, including work with dialogic reading-listening texts. Special attention is paid to the concept of extensive listening – regular viewing of authentic video materials (TV series) for global understanding. The results of an empirical study conducted with eight A1-level students over two semesters are presented, demonstrating the positive impact of extensive listening on listening comprehension and vocabulary expansion, while also revealing the issue of persistent grammatical errors in written speech. In this regard, the necessity of combining extensive listening with extensive reading for a more balanced development of all language competencies is substantiated.
Key words: listening comprehension, teaching methodology of foreign languages, German language, cognitive processes, bottom-up and top-down strategies, three-phase model, didactic analysis, dialogic texts, extensive listening, authentic materials, TV series, A1 level, language competencies.
 
Lomakina S.A.
The world images of Lyubov Turbina's poetry
The article examines the artistic and aesthetic component of Lyubov Nikolaevna Turbina's poetry, which has developed its own original poetic style, combining the uniqueness of rhythm and intonation, the depth of reflection, and the intimate nature of its chamber. The purpose of this article is to explore the worldview of Turbina's poetry through the author's perception of timeless themes and the experience of what happens both in the inner and outer world. The author believes that Turbina's work preserves the artistic legacy of the past, transforming and developing the traditions in the present. The article pays special attention to the world images of the road and the house, which are the foundation of the poet's entire worldview system. They create a real cultural space filled with a system of meanings and spiritual values: moral, existential, and aesthetic. The emotional intensity, acute psychologism, and momentary existence reflect the subtle skill of the word artist, demonstrating not just poetry but a specific state of mind. Every work by Lyubov Turbina is a reflection of real life, where happiness hides behind the most ordinary and unremarkable things, and the true miracle is the world around us.
Key words: L. Turbina, modern poetry, worldview, meaning of existence, metaphor, metaphysics, eternal themes.
 
Batalov A.A.
Seregina M.K.
TED Talks as a base for the study of the verbal linguistic specificity of public speaking
The article is devoted to the study of speech behaviour of speakers of popular science conferences in English of the TED Foundation from the point of view of linguistics. The main points under research are expressive linguistic potential at the lexical and grammatical levels and common verbal models of representation of the author's opinion in correlation with such extra-linguistic features as the speech portrait of the speaker and his communicative goals. The main focus of the research is to detect the typical speech linguistic features of TED Talks as a genre of public speaking.
Key words: speech behavior, expressive language potential, verbal model, speech portrait, speaker, communicative goals, public speaking.
 
Sinegubov S.N.
Shostak V.A.
Dolgushina P.S.
Transformation of gender roles in the soviet professional environment in the 1930s
This study examines the process of transformation of women's gender roles in the professional sphere during the 1930s. It analyzes the transition from one traditional model of behavior to a new one that combines the characteristics of an active political subject with the cult of motherhood. The study also analyzes the extensive involvement of women in production. It examines the personnel policy that led to the promotion of female workers to leadership positions. The study also explores the ideological aspect, including the influence of propaganda through the media on people's self-awareness. The article reveals the main goals that the government actually pursued by involving women in hard labor. The work serves as a basis for understanding the contradictory nature of Soviet reforms, which, on the one hand, destroyed the patriarchal system, but on the other hand, condemned women to a double burden while maintaining male dominance.
Key words: gender, transformation, patriarchy, Soviet modernization.
 
Prom Thary
Hybrid democracy and foreign influence in Cambodia: the role of China’s unconditional aid and youth perceptions of democracy
This research examines how China provides unconditional aid to Cambodia while studying the intricate relationship between elite stability and youth perceptions of democracy in Cambodia's hybrid democratic system. The research examines how Chinese aid supports the Cambodian People’s Party (CPP) to preserve democratic appearances while strengthening elite control through neopatrimonial and patronage political frameworks. The majority of Cambodian youth who make up more than half of the population want democratic accountability and civic engagement while using digital platforms and international democratic discourses. The economic dependence on Chinese-funded projects together with the CPP's strong patronage networks restricts the ambitions of Cambodian youth. The research reveals this political tension as the core element of Cambodia's hybrid democracy system which challenges the future prospects of democratic development in a system controlled by foreign patronage and domestic authoritarian power. The research demonstrates that policy makers should focus on developing civic education programs and establishing transparent governance partnerships and safe political engagement spaces for young people.
Key words: Cambodia, hybrid democracy, Chinese aid, neopatrimonialism, patronage politics, youth perceptions, democratic accountability, civic engagement.
 
Smirnov A.V.
Kulikov S.P.
US strategic plans for Europe during the democratic Administration of Bill J. Clinton (1990s)
This article examines the process of forming a new foreign policy strategy of the United States during the Democratic administration of Bill Clinton. Based on a number of materials from the Bill Clinton presidential Library, materials from sessions of the US Congress and the US Department of State, the sequence of the American foreign policy doctrine regarding the expansion of NATO to the "East" at the expense of the former member countries of the socialist bloc is illustrated. The issue of the US attitude towards the Yugoslav soldiers, the specifics of the economic and political modernization of Eastern European countries after the series of "velvet revolutions" were also considered. In addition, the issue of forming a new model of American-Eastern European relations and their strategic impact on the foreign policy course of the Russian Federation, which at that time was at the stage of developing a new model of foreign policy strategy, was considered.
Key words: NATO expansion, Kosovo, Bosnia, spreading of "democratic principles", diplomacy, US-Russian diplomatic dialogue.
 
Khramova Yu.V.
Official visits and summit meetings between the leaders of Japan and the people’s republic of China as an indicator of the normalization of bilateral relations (2014–2019)
This article examines official visits and summit meetings between the leaders of Japan and the People’s Republic of China from 2014 to 2019 as an indicator of the normalization process following the sharp deterioration of bilateral relations in the early 2010s. The research problem lies in the lack of systematic analysis of high-level contacts as an independent measure of stabilization, despite their frequent mention in studies on East Asian diplomacy. The aim of the article is to assess the dynamics of the formats and thematic content of meetings between Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe and the Chinese leadership, represented by President Xi Jinping and Premier Li Keqiang. The study focuses on official visits and summit meetings held on the margins of international forums, with particular attention to references to historical issues, security concerns, and economic cooperation. The findings demonstrate that summit diplomacy during this period reflected a limited and asymmetrical form of stabilization rather than full normalization. The novelty of the article lies in treating leader-level visits and summits as an indicator of normalization efforts, rather than as a secondary or purely symbolic element of diplomatic interaction.
Key words: Japan, People’s Republic of China, Senkaku Islands, Diaoyu Islands, historical issues, economic cooperation.
 
Khugali Mohamed Hassan Abdin
The GERD dam as a regional security factor: implications for Sudan and the dilemma of cooperation on the Blue Nile
This article analyzes the crisis surrounding the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) and its implications for Sudan in 2011–2023. It shows that Sudan, as the nearest downstream state on the Blue Nile, faces a dual outcome: potential gains from more regulated flows and prospects for energy cooperation, alongside heightened risks driven by operational uncertainty during reservoir filling and dam operation, limited institutionalization of hydrological data exchange, and cascading vulnerabilities for Sudan’s downstream water infrastructure. The study argues that Sudan’s core concern is not only long-term water allocation but, critically, short-term predictability of releases, early-warning procedures, and coordination mechanisms that determine the safe operation of key assets such as the Roseires and Sennar dams and related irrigation systems. The article also highlights how Sudan’s domestic political instability after 2019 reduced state capacity for sustained technical negotiations and risk governance, thereby increasing the likelihood that external water uncertainty translates into domestic socioeconomic stress. Drawing on hydropolitics and institutional analysis, informed by principles of international watercourses law and relevant scholarship, the paper outlines cooperative, competitive, and crisis scenarios and proposes policy recommendations centered on a “minimum technical package” of cooperation: regular data sharing, operator-to-operator communication, and agreed operational procedures for droughts and extreme hydrometeorological events.
Key words: Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD), Renaissance Dam, Sudan, Ethiopia, Egypt, Blue Nile, water security, hydropolitics, international water law.
 
Jiaji Jin
Yuyue Liu
Research on the formation mechanism of Tang Dynasty Imperial capital from the perspectives of climate and hydrology
The “four solid fortresses” of Chang’an in the Tang Dynasty provided a natural military barrier, while the hydrological pattern surrounded by eight rivers provided a basic guarantee for its water supply, agricultural irrigation, and transportation. It is believed that the warm and humid climate in the early Tang Dynasty (mid-7th to mid-8th century) created favorable conditions for the development of agriculture in the Guanzhong region. In the middle period (mid-8th century), the climate turned cold, becoming an important driving force for the adjustment of the capital's functions and the eastward shift of the political center. At the same time, the authors systematically sorted out the evolution laws of climate characteristics and hydrological environment in the Tang Dynasty, analyzed how natural factors interacted with political, military, economic and other social factors, and jointly shaped the capital status of Chang'an and Luoyang. By comparing and analyzing the differences in climate, hydrology, geography, and other aspects between the two imperial capitals of Chang'an and Luoyang in the Tang Dynasty, this study reveals the synergistic evolution mechanism of natural and social factors in the selection of capital cities, providing a new perspective for understanding the formation laws of ancient Chinese capital cities.
Key words: Tang Dynasty, Chang'an City, Luoyang City, Ancient Chinese capital cities, Capital location selection,climate, hydrology.
 
Abdipatta Z.N.
Kayirken T.Z.
Border-making and nation-building in Soviet Central Asia: national-territorial delimitation and the emergence of the Kazakh and Kyrgyz SSRs
This article examines the differences in the formation processes of the Kirghiz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and the Kara-Kyrgyz Autonomous Oblast. The formation of separate states for local ethnic groups in Central Asia from former Russian Empire was a strategic move by the Bolsheviks to assert power after the civil war. The Central Committee, particularly Lenin, focused on this issue because of the political support of national minorities during the October Revolution and later, when forming people's commissariats in individual territories. However, when creating autonomous republics in Central Asia, the soviets supported different goals. For example, the creation of the Kirghiz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in 1920 and the incorporation of the Kara-Kyrgyz Autonomous Oblast into the USSR in 1924 differed in the Central Committee's goals and aspirations for the resulting states. The study also focuses on the role of the local intellectual elite, the Alash autonomy, and the 1916 nomadic uprising of the Zhetisu region in the formation of early national movements. By comparing the creation of the Kyrgyz ASSR and the Kara-Kyrgyz Autonomous Region, the article demonstrates that Soviet National-State Delamination was a process of political regulation between local elites and the Bolsheviks that laid the structural foundations of modern Kazakh and Kyrgyz statehood.
Key words: National-territorial delimitation, Soviet nationality policy, Kirghiz (Kyrgyz) ASSR, Kara-Kyrgyz Autonomous Region, Alash Orda.
 
Abdullaev S.R.
The Albanian coast in Napoleon's Balkan Policy (1801–1807): the threat of invasion
The article, based on materials from the Ottoman archives, examines the defensive and diplomatic measures taken by the Sublime Porte in response to the acute threat of a French invasion of Albania and the Morea between 1801 and 1807. Particular attention is paid to the comprehensive set of military-administrative measures: strengthening coastal defenses, reorganizing local forces, appointing extraordinary governors, and coordinating with Albanian leaders. The reactions of the key European powers—the Russian Empire and Great Britain—are analyzed, as their positions largely shaped the Ottoman Empire's maneuvering. Special emphasis is placed on Napoleon's duplicitous and highly suspicious policy: combining diplomatic assurances with secret military preparations and projects for partitioning Ottoman territories. It was precisely this policy—even without the execution of direct aggression—that provoked a profound and essentially irreversible crisis of trust between Istanbul and Paris. The culmination of this process was the Treaty of Tilsit in 1807, which radically altered the balance of power in the Balkans and in the Eastern Question as a whole.
Key words: Ottoman Empire, France, Albania, Morea, Sublime Porte, Napoleon, Napoleonic Wars, Treaty of Tilsit, Franco-Ottoman relations, great powers.
 
Ambaryan S.S.
The problem of the black population of capitalist countries on the pages of the Soviet periodical press
The article is devoted to the study of the situation of the black population in the countries of the capitalist world through the prism of the Soviet mass media. The paper analyzes articles from various Soviet magazines and newspapers on the issue under study. The sources for writing the work were the publications of the following periodicals: magazines "Rovesnik", "Crocodile", "Foreign literature"; newspaper "Izvestia". Purpose of the work: description of the situation of the black population capitalist countries based on Soviet periodicals. To achieve this goal, special historical methods were used: diachronic, historical and comparative, as well as general scientific research methods: analysis, synthesis, systematization. When writing the article, special attention was paid to such problems as: the life and socio- economic situation of the Black population, the struggle of blacks for equality in rights, the life of Blacks after the leveling of legal foundations.
To formulate a more complete description, the problem of the situation of the black population of capitalist countries can be traced back in time from the late 1930s to the mid-1980s. The paper focuses on describing the state of the problem of the black population of the United States after the abolition of segregation, as well as after the legislative equation of "whites" and "blacks" in the United States. South Africa. In conclusion, the paper draws a conclusion about the situation of the black population in the countries of capitalism in the 20th century.
Key words: Soviet periodical press, black population, capitalist society, capitalism, racism, segregation.
 
Kurovsky S.V.
Mishin D.A.
Morozov M.A.
Transformation of strategic interaction between Germany and the USA within the framework of the north Atlantic alliance in the context of the European security crisis (2014-2023)
This article presents the results of a study of bilateral relations between Germany and the United States within the framework of a key military-political alliance, which is a fundamental element of the Euro-Atlantic security system. The objective of the scientific study is to identify the key stages, directions, and results of the transformation of strategic interaction between Germany and the United States in NATO under the influence of the European security crisis in 2014-2023. The article presents the theoretical and historical prerequisites for German-American interaction in NATO before 2014, the factors of intensification and new priorities for interaction after 2014, as well as the economic, technological, and domestic political aspects of interaction. A specific historical period (2014-2023), marked by a turning point in European security (the annexation of Crimea, geopolitical tensions in Ukraine), is analyzed, which allows us to study the evolution and intensification of relations in a crisis. The selected time period is characterized by Germany's transition from a "culture of restraint" to a more active and responsible role in the alliance under pressure from the United States, which requires a comprehensive historical understanding. The study fills a gap in Russian historiography by focusing on interaction within NATO as a separate factor in international relations.
Key words: strategic interaction, the North Atlantic Alliance, the European security system, crisis, evolution of relations, the factor of international relations, priorities.
 
Narbut M.I.
Syunnerberg M.A.
French women in colonial Vietnam (1862–1945): economic activity and social role
The article examines the economic and socially significant activities of French women in colonial Vietnam from 1862 to 1945. Drawing on a comprehensive approach that combines the analysis of administrative yearbooks, journalistic writings and memoirs, materials on French emigration, and contemporary scholarly literature, the study reconstructs the social profiles of female settlers in French Indochina. The article demonstrates that French women contributed to the development of colonial infrastructures of education and healthcare; at the same time, their activities were inherently ambivalent, as positive social effects were accompanied by the reproduction of racial and status hierarchies. By bringing together dispersed sources, the study addresses an important historiographical gap and offers a systematic account of the role of French women in the economic and social life of Indochina in the late 19th and first half of the 20th century.
Key words: French women, colonial Vietnam, Indochina, female migration, entrepreneurship, education, healthcare, prostitution, social history.
 
Pau A.N.
Subjectivity of the international organization of La Francophonie: criteria and stages of formation
This article examines the issue of the subjectivity of the International Organization of La Francophonie (OIF) through the lens of international relations theory and international law. It provides a definition of subjectivity as it applies to international organizations and identifies its key criteria. Based on official OIF documents–the 1970 Niamey Convention, resolutions of Francophonie summits, the 2000 Bamako Declaration, and the 2005 Charter of La Francophonie–the historical evolution of Francophone institutions is traced from the creation of the Agency for Cultural and Technical Cooperation (ACCT) in 1970 to the establishment of the International Organization of La Francophonie as an independent actor in international relations. The key milestones of this process are analyzed: the 1970 Niamey Conference, the first Francophonie Summits, the establishment of the office of Secretary General, as well as the adoption of regulatory and legal acts that cemented the political dimension and international legal status of the OIF.
Key words: International Organisation of La Francophonie, Francophonie, subjectivity, international organizations, international legal personality, institutionalization, international relations, cultural diplomacy.
 
Prom Thary
The role of civil society and citizens in Cambodia’s democratic process: participation or marginalization?
This paper investigates the restricted participation of civil society together with citizens within Cambodia's developing democratic system. The 1993 Constitution of Cambodia establishes basic rights including freedom of expression and association and assembly yet civic involvement remains restricted and scattered. The research demonstrates that Cambodia maintains democratic institutions and legal frameworks yet its civic space continues to contract because of authoritarianism's social traditions and enforcement politicization and media control and restrictive laws. The research uses policy reviews and documented case studies and secondary analysis of legal texts and civil society reports to demonstrate how structural and normative barriers limit meaningful public engagement. The research examines how LANGO affects associations and NGOs alongside digital repression and inadequate civic education and youth participation challenges. The paper establishes that a participatory democracy requires legal reform alongside inclusive dialogue and educational investment to strengthen civic empowerment.
Key words: Cambodia, civil society, democratic participation, LANGO, political culture, media freedom, youth engagement, civic education.
 
Ternovaya L.O.
Chapkin N.S.
The mathematics of historical narrative: ordinal numbering of events and its role in the formation of collective memory
This article attempts to analyze the use of ordinal numbers in historical narrative and its influence on the formation of collective memory. Using examples of events such as world wars, dynastic names of monarchs, five-year plans, and other sociopolitical phenomena, the author analyzes how mathematical numbering structures historical consciousness, creating the illusion of continuity, cyclicality, or inevitability. This interdisciplinary study, based on approaches from the anthropology of mathematics, collective memory theory, and discourse analysis, reveals hidden mechanisms of political legitimation and the construction of national identity through the simplest mathematical operations of counting. This article analyzes historical examples of the application of mathematical methods to the study of wars, crises, and social processes from the 10th to the 20th centuries, including the Hundred Years' War (1337–1453), the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648), and the Crimean War (1853–1856). Particular attention is paid to the role of mathematical tools in the analysis of political traditions.
Key words: quantitative history, cliometrics, mathematical methods, anthropology of mathematics, ordinal numbers, history of wars, economic history.
 
Shavlokhova E.S.
Pashkovsky B.G.
Frolova D.E.
Likhatskaya S.V.
Federalization of the Russian state in Muravyov's draft constitution
The article is devoted to the main program document of the Northern society of Decembrists, written by Nikita Mikhailovich Muravyov and his associates. The article analyzes in detail such an aspect of the potential reformation of the Russian state as the territorial structure. The article examines the post-reformation form of the Russian state structure, with all its features, in detail, based on the original text of the Constitution. Much attention is paid not only to the draft reforms, but also to the possible problems of their practical implementation in the first quarter of the nineteenth century. The pros and cons of Muravyov's and other revolutionaries' proposals for the federalization of Russia are weighed.
Key words: constitution, Russia, power, People's Assembly, State Duma, federalization, censorship, representation.
 
Uporov I.V.
Party authorities of the all-Russian committee (Bolshevik) and local councils: interaction in the post-war years
The Soviet state enjoyed a political and ideological monopoly of the Com-munist Party, which was enshrined in constitutions as the "leading core" of all organs and organizations, including state authorities, primarily Soviets at all levels. This article examines the interaction between party authorities and local Soviets of Workers' Deputies in the period following the end of the Great Patriotic War (1945-1956). The article analyzes the relevant provisions of the USSR Constitution and the Constitution of the RSFSR, which were in effect during the period under review, as well as archival materials and scholarly works on the topic. It is noted that the party's influence, and indeed decisive influence, was evident from the very beginning of nominating candidates for local Soviet deputies. Candidates were approved in advance by party authorities, and no independent action was permitted. Despite the fact that the Russian constitution defined the status of local Soviets in considerable detail, including their functions, local Soviets effectively implemented policies determined by party structures. At the same time, the priority of party authorities lay primarily in making policy decisions and determining strategy and tactics for domestic policy, while day-to-day and immediate ongoing work on numerous issues of socio-economic de-velopment remained with local Soviets of Workers' Deputies, primarily represented by their executive committees.
Key words: Communist Party, local Soviets, constitution, interaction, control, session, district committee, regional committee.
 
Gnevyshev S.V.
Zolotarev O.V.
Hitler Youth: anatomy of evil
The purpose of the article is to analyze the process of formation and functioning of the Hitler Youth in Nazi Germany in the 1920s – 1945, revealing its structure, ideology, methods of educating young people and the consequences of their use for society. The structure, principles of work, ideology and influence on German youth are considered. The research is based on official documents, memoirs and scientific publications. The methods of education for achieving ideological loyalty, including military and ideological training, are analyzed. The negative consequences of totalitarian methods and their impact on society are emphasized.
Key words: Hitler Youth, Nazi Germany, youth organization, indoctrination, totalitarian regime, military training, National Socialism, denazification, youth education, history of the Third Reich.
 
Zhao Fan
History education in the early years of soviet power (1917–1934): from radical sociologization to the restoration of civil history
The article provides a systematic analysis of the transformation of history education policy in the USSR between 1917 and 1934. The paper examines the reasons for the liquidation of history as an independent academic discipline in the early post-revolutionary years, the dominance of sociological schemes by the school of M. N. Pokrovsky, and the subsequent crisis of "subjectless" education. Particular emphasis is placed on the shift in the early 1930s, which culminated in the 1934 decrees on the restoration of civil history. The author concludes that the return to systematic history teaching was dictated by the tasks of state-building and the need to forge a new Soviet identity and patriotism.
Key words: history education, Pokrovsky school, civil history, Soviet school, Narkompros.
 
Antipova A.A.
The history of the cultural heritage site preservation (on the example of a residential wing in Chernyshevsky Lane)
Today, during the rapid development of the urban system, it is an extremely important task to preserve the historical part of the city, architectural monuments, iconic places and objects. The main methods of preserving cultural heritage sites include conservation, restoration, adaptation, museification, etc. This work is devoted to the history of the creation, transformation, and restoration of a residential wing located on the territory of the estate of K. Meyer (Tverskaya district of Moscow, Chernyshevsky Lane), which was erected in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by architect M.K. Geppener. Currently, the wing houses a branch of the Moscow State Museum of Sergei Yesenin, the Yesenin Center.
Key words: the estate of K. Meyer, residential wing, modern, M.K. Geppener, the Yesenin Center, Chernyshevsky Lane.
 
Belyaev D.V.
The famine plan in the occupied territories of the USSR: goals, implementation mechanisms and demographic consequences of the Nazi occupation policy (1941-1944)
The article examines the "Hunger Plan", developed by the leadership of Nazi Germany during the preparation and conduct of the war against the Soviet Union. The article analyzes the objectives of this strategy, its place in the system of Nazi occupation policy and the mechanisms of implementation in the occupied territories of the USSR in 1941-1944. Special attention is paid to the policy of withdrawal of food resources, the food distribution system and restrictions on the supply of local population. It is shown that Hungerplan was not only a tool for the economic exploitation of the occupied territories, but also part of the broader ideological strategy of the Nazi regime. The article examines the socio-economic and demographic consequences of the implementation of this policy, as well as its significance for understanding the nature of the Nazi occupation and the scale of the humanitarian catastrophe in eastern Europe.
Key words: «Hunger Plan», Nazi occupation, Nazi Germany, USSR demographic consequences, occupation regime.
 
Bryzgalova I.G.
Deordieva A.N.
The process of formation of a new statehood in the national regions of the north Caucasus (on the example of the Terek region). Features and specificities (spring 1917 – beginning of 1918)
The article examines the creation of specific government bodies at various levels in southern Russia after February 1917, the forms and specifics of government bodies at various levels, and governance practices in national districts, particularly on the Terek. The article aims to demonstrate that the course of state building in the region under study was influenced by the unique socio-economic, class, estate, social, and national relations, the culture and psychology of the population, its multinational composition, and the presence of national traditions–traditional forms of government organization: elements of the military-public administration system (national districts of the North Caucasus, Cossack government bodies). These features were reflected in the clear definition of Cossack and national government bodies within the national system and the organization of the foundations of local self-government. Particular attention is paid to the fact that the regional government system at this stage functioned as a single whole, with close ties between all its components. The example of the Terek Region in creating a new statehood with a clear manifestation of national traditions and Cossack specifics is interesting and illustrative. In the Terek Oblast, two political forces both cooperated and clashed: the Cossacks, who embodied military governance and claimed full powers, and the Terek Oblast Executive Committee, which embodied civil governance. Both declared their readiness to take on the issues of organizing power and governing the Terek Oblast.
Key words: state building, management practices, Cossacks, military administration, civil administration, system of power, national traditions, local self-government, military-people's administration.
 
Budaeva A.E.
Some aspects of the biography of M. Sakhyanova (1896-1981)
The article examines the biography of the first woman in history to lead the Buryat-Mongolian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, Maria Sakhyanova. The territorial sphere of state and social activities of M. M. Sakhyanova also included the capital of the country, the Far Eastern Territory, in the foreign mission Korea, China and Mongolia. In Moscow, she was elected a Member of the Central Control Commission of the CPSU (b) of the USSR and a Member of the Party Control Commission under the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) of the USSR. Also, M. M. Sakhyanova dealt with the current work of the party in the regions of Siberia and Tuva, went to the leadership of the Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, then the director of the state farm in the Penza region, was a researcher at the Institute of Marxism-Leninism under the Central Committee of the CPSU. Since the mid-1930s. lived in Moscow in a house on Serafimovich Street 2, which is now an architectural monument of the constructivist era. In the process of research, an analysis was carried out of scientific articles, publications in periodicals, archival documents, memoirs of contemporaries, etc. The important influence of M. Sakhyanova on the formation and development of the women's movement is emphasized. The contribution of M. Sakhyanova to the public life of Buryatia in the second half of the twentieth century, to the preservation of cultural historical values was assessed, the facts of the biography slightly revealing her worldview were collected.
Key words: M.M. Sakhyanova, S.Ya. Erbanova, G.N. Voitinsky, Republic of Buryatia, communist party, Comintern, women's movement, gender, women's leadership, women in politics, outstanding women.
 
Vlasov I.A.
The image of Peter I (the Great) in Russian and foreign scientific journalism and historiography: the specifics of the interpretation of the personality and deeds of the first Russian emperor
This article, based on a study of various theories regarding the causes, content, and results of the activities of the first Russian Emperor, Peter I, and his personal contribution to the radical transformation of the Russian system of power and the country's social landscape, identifies trends in the characterization by various scholars and researchers of Russian history of Peter I's place and role in the development of the Russian Empire as a crucial element in the system of international relations. Drawing on Russian and foreign primary sources (scholarly journalism and monographs), the article describes the dynamics of interpretation of Peter I's image in both scholarly discourse and public consciousness, across different periods of Russian history—the imperial period, the Soviet era, and the post-Soviet period. Using general scientific research methods—analysis and synthesis, a comparative approach—to assess the scale of Peter the Great's personality (the specifics of his psycho-emotional profile and the motives for his actions at different periods of his life), drawing on documents, archival materials, and specialized scientific literature, the author reveals the degree to which the level of development of public consciousness and political preferences in Russia and the USSR influenced the adherence of various domestic scientific schools to the perception of the figure and deeds of the first Russian emperor.
The scientific significance of this work is explained by an attempt to compile a panoramic picture of known scientific approaches to the study of the phenomenon of Peter the Great, from the perspective of the socio-political and historical significance of his actions, including aspects related to the formation of complex and contradictory economic, political, and cultural relationships between Russia and Europe, as well as the reformatting of the state structure of Russia itself (primarily in terms of relations between the elites and the ordinary population, the construction of a new government architecture, and the Westernization of public life).
This work may be of scholarly interest as a comprehensive study, firstly, of the assessments of historians and biographers of the reforming monarch from different historical eras, and secondly, as a monitoring of the changing perceptions of the scholarly community regarding the significance of Peter the Great's reforms in the 18th century.
Key words: Peter the Great, Peter the Great's reforms, image of the first Russian emperor, foreign policy of the Russian Empire in the 18th century, personality in history.
 
Mokeeva M.O.
Vozmishcheva E.S.
Vtorushina A.P.
Ulitina E.D.
Ivanov K.S.
Life after the feat: psychological transformations of the generation of victors
This article analyzes the socio-psychological transformations in Soviet society in the post-war period (1945–1953). It reveals the paradox between the USSR's triumph as a victorious power and the acute internal tensions caused by the devastation, the need for grueling reconstruction, and the food crisis of 1946–1947.
Particular attention is paid to the problems of veterans who, despite their status as "victorious heroes," faced catastrophic material conditions, employment difficulties, and the inefficiency of the Soviet bureaucracy. The crisis of demographic imbalance and the double burden for women are discussed, as well as the problems of "children of war".
The personal and psychological consequences of the war are explored, including the manifestations of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and the factors that contribute to its development.
The article describes a socio-psychological portrait of a post-war Soviet person, characterized by the phenomenon of double consciousness – the separation of a critical internal reality and an external ideologically correct expression, which ensured adaptation, but led to emotional exhaustion.
Key words: post-war period, socio-psychological transformations, post-traumatic stress disorder, generation of victors, adaptation of veterans, demographic consequences of the war, Soviet society, psychological trauma, double consciousness, post-war recovery.
 
Gorkush S.V.
The battle paintings as a historical source of narrating the events that took place during the great patriotic war
The further the events of the Great Patriotic War move away from us, the more valuable military objects of battle painting become – evidence of pages of our history. This article is dedicated to this problem. During the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945, the battle artists were recruited into the ranks of the soldiers of the Soviet Army, who created sketch chronicles of front-line battles and galleries of portraits of heroes. The artists were tasked to depict realities as truthfully and accurately as possible the realities happening at the front, on the front line. The optimal form of work for artists was a front-line brigade, whose main task was to create «artistic documents».
Key words: historical source of war, battle painting, "artistic document", battle painters.
 
Ershova K.E.
Anthropology of sound in the spring-summer rituals of the Sakha people's calendar cycle
This study provides a systematic analysis of the sound space characteristics of the traditional spring and summer rites of the Sakha people. The purpose of the study is to identify and interpret acoustic aspects that play an important role in preserving and transmitting the cultural traditions of the Sakha people through rites. Studying the sound field is a complex task, involving a wide range of sounds from natural to strictly organized verbal and musical texts.
The scientific novelty of this study lies in the fact that ritual sounds are considered as a system of signs through which the ethnic worldview of the Sakha people is transmitted from generation to generation. Special attention is paid to the formation of the semantic content of the sound field, which has a deep meaning and reflects the unique culture of world perception and communication within society. The study showed that in the rites of the Sakha people, the main «message» to the higher powers consists of text and exclamation fragments, the leitmotif of which are artificial sounds (metallic, instrumental, rhythmic, clapping) and onomatopoeic sounds. The relevance of studying sound is due to the fact that it is a relatively new field of ethnographic research. The sound environment plays an important role in the perception of space and the creation of collective memory. This field attracts the attention of scientists due to its interdisciplinarity and potential for a deep understanding of cultural practices. Urban sounds, ritual chants and natural noises form a unique acoustic landscape that reflects the cultural characteristics of the region.
To achieve the above-mentioned research goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:
1. To study the structure and features of the sound space of the spring-summer calendar rituals of the Sakha people, including the characteristics of natural, artificial and musical sounds.
2. To reveal the symbolic meaning of each element of the sound field, exploring their connection with the ideas of the Sakha people about the world, nature and the spiritual sphere.
3. Determine the functions of the sounds performed in the framework of ritual practice.
The material for the study is the author's field materials, including audio recordings of traditional blessings and well-wishes accompanied by ritual musical instruments; a video recording of shamanic worship, which is a recording of the living folk culture and religious practices of the indigenous population of Yakutia, recorded directly during ethnographic research; articles about Yakut ritual songs, myths, and legends by N.A. Alekseev from a handwritten Foundation of the Yakut Scientific Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
The theoretical basis of this research consists of the works of Russian scientists specializing in the study of traditional culture, folk art and religious beliefs of the Sakha people, as well as general theories of culture and semiotics. The main scientific directions used in the work include studies of the structure and functions of rituals, ritual behavior and religious practice of the Sakha people. Among the key authors in this field are A.I. Gogolev, N.K. Danilova, O.N. Dmitrieva, G.V. Ksenofontov, P.A. Sleptsov, N.A. Struchkova, G.U. Ergis, etc. Special attention is paid to the publications of A.S. Larionova, which analyze musical culture, genre structure and features of performing skills. Within the framework of this direction, the impact of sounds and acoustic images on human perception, emotions and consciousness is analyzed, in the context of which the works of E.E. Levkievskaya are important. In addition, special attention is paid to the concepts of the Russian school of semiotics, with an emphasis on the developments of Jury Lotman.
The practical significance of this research lies in its contribution to the scientific understanding of the functions of sound in the context of the traditional culture of the Yakuts. The analysis of the sound environment of ritual practices makes it possible to identify the mechanisms by which sound design performs the function of a mediator, building a communicative bridge between the sacred and transcendental spheres. This type of research makes it possible to preserve elements of traditional culture, which is particularly important in the context of the loss of cultural traditions.
Key words: semantics of sound, Yakutia, rituals of the calendar cycle, ethnography, sound environment of the ritual.
 
Zakharchenko I.A.
Official press of the Russian Empire on the losses of Amur soldiers during the First World war (based on the Priamur Vedomosti newspaper)
The article is devoted to the military losses of residents and natives of the Primorsky and Amur regions who were conscripted during the "great retreat" of the Russian army. The author analyzes research on military losses and provides an estimated percentage of Amur residents who were conscripted into the active army. Research on casualties based on the list of the General Staff's killed, wounded, and missing soldiers, published in the Priamurskie Vedomosti newspaper from January 15 to December 17, 1915, provides insights into the socio-cultural image of the Priamur soldier who participated in the events of World War I.
Key words: The First World War, the Amur Region, combat and non-combat losses, permanent and temporary losses.
 
Potapova A.N.
Telyakaeva A.F.
Pages of the history of the Orenburg cathedral
This article explores the formation and development of St. Nicholas Cathedral in Orenburg as a unique center of the region's spiritual and cultural development, the complex period of church-state relations during the Soviet era, and the efforts of archbishops, clergy, and believers to preserve and develop it. The study utilizes historical and archival analysis, a historiographical review, and an analysis of archival documents and the recollections of long-time residents. The study reflects changes in the cathedral's architectural composition and the influence of significant historical events on its fate, allowing for a deeper understanding of the relationship between spiritual life, architectural traditions, and sociocultural processes occurring in the region, and also highlights issues of preserving the cathedral's heritage.
Key words: history of the Russian Orthodox Church, St. Nicholas Orenburg Cathedral, state-church relations in the Soviet period, temple construction, clergy, believers.
 
 
 
Authors
Abdipatta Z.N., 2nd year master's student, specialty "Oriental Studies", Faculty of Oriental Studies, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana, Kazakhstan.
Abdullaev S.R., Graduate student. Ural State Pedagogical University. SPIN-code: 4087-1060
Ambaryan S.S., Third-year postgraduate student, Armavir State Pedagogical University. History and Geography Teacher, Secondary School No. 15 named after Vladimir Grigorievich Tambiev, Armavir.
Antipova A.A., Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor of the Faculty of Foreign Languages and Regional Studies. Lomonosov Moscow State University.
Antipova L.A., Candidate of Pedagogical. Sciences Department of Foreign Languages, Pyatigorsk Medical and Pharmaceutical Institute – a branch of Volgograd State Medical University, Pyatigorsk.
Arzamazov A.A., Doctor of Philology, Professor of the Department of Russian Studies, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Ethnic-oriented Pedagogy, Digital Didactics. Head of the Laboratory of Multivariate Humanitarian Analysis and Cognitive Philology of the Kazan Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Askerova M.A., Master’s Degree Student. The Institute of Foreign Languages, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia.
Baranovskaya B.V., Independent researcher, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk.
Batalov A.A., PhD, Assistant Professor, Department of Foreign Languages in Theory and Practice, the Institute of Foreign Languages, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia.
Belyaev D.V., Postgraduate student, Assistant of the Department of History, Vladimir Dahl Luhansk State University.
Bit-Yunan Y.G., Doctor of Philology, Russian State Humanitarian University, Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Higher School of Economics, Moscow.
Bovelieva Y.V., Independent researcher. Individual enterprise "Hunarli Yigit".
Brahima Togola, PhD Student. Russian State University for the Humanities.
Bryzgalova I.G., PhD in History, Associate Professor, Department of Russian History, Institute of History and International Relations, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don.
Budaeva A.E., PhD Student, Buryat State University named after D. Banzarov, Ulan-Ude.
Chapkin N.S., Senior Lecturer. Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Russian Economic University named after G.V. Plekhanov". Basic Department of Digital Economy of the Institute for the Development of the Information Society.
Deordieva A.N., PhD in History, Associate Professor, Department of Russian History, Institute of History and International Relations, Southern Federal University, Rostov Region.
Dolgushina P.S., Student. Ishim Pedagogical Institute named after P.P. Ershov (branch) Tyumen State University.
Ershova K.E., Candidate of Historical Sciences degree seeking applicant, M.K. Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University.
Frolova D.E., Student of the 1st course of the direction of training "Jurisprudence" Kuban State Agrarian University named after I.T. Trubilin, Krasnodar.
Ge Ran, Master. Institute of Russian Language, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China.
Gnevyshev S.V., Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Pitirim Sorokin Syktyvkar State University," Syktyvkar.
Gorkush S.V., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of History and Documentation, Russian Technological University.
Gubin A.Yu., Postgraduate student. Moscow Institute of Radio Engineering, Electronics, and Automation of the Russian Technological University.
Gulomova F.A., Doctoral candidate. Tajik State Pedagogical University named after S. Aini, Dushanbe, Tajikistan.
Haidarova F.U., Candidate of Philological Sciences of the Department of Theory and practice of English Language, Faculty of Foreign Languages, SEI “Khujand State University named after academician B. Gafurov”, Khujand, Republic of Tajikistan.
Ivanov K.S., Senior Lecturer. Ishim Pedagogical Institute named after P.P. Ershov (branch), Tyumen State University.
Jiaji Jin, Master's student Xi’an University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China.
Kayirken T.Z., PhD of Philological Sciences, Professor of the Department of International Relations, L.N. Gumilev Eurasian National University, Astana, Kazakhstan.
Khramova Yu.V., 3rd-year graduate student at the Institute of International Relations and World History, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod (NIU).
Khugali Mohamed Hassan Abdin, Third-year postgraduate student. Kazan Federal University (KFU), Kazan.
Kulikov S.P., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of General History. Novosibirsk National Research State University.
Kurovsky S.V., Head of the Research Department LLC "Higher School of Education".
Likhatskaya S.V., Student of the 1st course of the direction of training "Jurisprudence" Kuban State Agrarian University named after I.T. Trubilin, Krasnodar.
Lomakina S.A., Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor, Yelets State University named after I.A. Bunin, Yelets. SPIN-code: 9849-2780
Mishin D.A., Head of the Editorial and Publishing Department of LLC "Higher School of Education".
Mokeeva M.O., Student. Ishim Pedagogical Institute named after P.P. Ershov (branch), Tyumen State University.
Morozov M.A., Student of the Faculty of International Relations and Foreign Policy, Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia.
Narbut M.I., Fourth-year student, Faculty of International Relations, Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University) of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation.
Pashkovsky B.G., Student of the 1st course of the direction of training "Jurisprudence" Kuban State Agrarian University named after I.T. Trubilin, Krasnodar.
Pau A.N., Postgraduate student. Saint Petersburg State University.
Potapova A.N., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Social Sciences and Youth Policy, Orenburg State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Orenburg.
Prom Thary, Postgraduate student in political science, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Patrice Lumumba Peoples' Friendship University of Russia. Ministry of Interior of Cambodia.
Seden E.A., Master's student, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia.
Seregina M.K., Master's student at the Institute of Foreign Languages, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia.
Shavlokhova E.S., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Department of History and Political Science, Kuban State Agrarian University named after I.T. Trubilin, Krasnodar.
Shostak V.A., Student. Ishim Pedagogical Institute named after P.P. Ershov (branch) Tyumen State University.
Sinegubov S.N., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor. Ishim Pedagogical Institute named after P.P. Ershov (branch) Tyumen State University.
Smirnov A.V., Master of History. Department of General History. Novosibirsk National Research State University.
Stadulskaya N.A., Doctor of Philology, Associate Professor, Department of Foreign Languages. Pyatigorsk Medical and Pharmaceutical Institute – a branch of Volgograd State Medical University, Pyatigorsk.
Strelkova A.Y., Candidate of Philological Sciences, Senior Lecturer. Moscow State Pedagogical University.
Syunnerberg M.A., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Oriental Studies, Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University) of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation.
Telyakaeva A.F., Candidate of Political Sciences, Senior Lecturer, Department of Social Sciences and Youth Policy, Orenburg State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Orenburg.
Ternovaya L.O., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Deputy Editor-in-Chief of the journal "Power History and the History of Power," and Project Director.
Ulitina E.D., Student. Ishim Pedagogical Institute named after P.P. Ershov (branch), Tyumen State University.
Uporov I.V., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Candidate of Legal Sciences, Professor. Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, Krasnodar.
Vlasov I.A., Master's degree student, postgraduate student, Leningrad State University named after A.S. Pushkin, Lipetsk.
Vtorushina A.P., Student. Ishim Pedagogical Institute named after P.P. Ershov (branch), Tyumen State University.
Vozmishcheva E.S., Student. Ishim Pedagogical Institute named after P.P. Ershov (branch), Tyumen State University.
Yuyue Liu, Uundergraduate student Xi’an University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China.
Zakharchenko I.A., Postgraduate Student of the Department of History and Archaeology of the School of Arts and Humanities at the Far Eastern Federal University.
Zakharova I.R., Senior Lecturer. Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov, St. Petersburg. SPIN-code: 8414-7060
Zhao Fan, PhD, Central China Normal University.
Zolotarev O.V., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Department of History and Methods of Teaching Social and Legal Disciplines, Pitirim Sorokin Syktyvkar State University.