Content
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CURRENT PROBLEMS OF MODERN SOCIETY
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Daaev A.N., Ternovaya L.O. Sports advent: winter starts, traditions, and the magic of transition to a new time
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9
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Galaganova S.G., Fedotova A.V. Forecasting the demographic situation in the Russian Federation using exponential smoothing
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19
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Pronina E.V., Dzhezhelij S.V. Features of innovative activities of enterprises in the agro-industrial complex
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33
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Baptidanov K.Yu., Zhidenov I.R. How to lose authority in a military collective. Personality degradation from leader to internal adversary
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45
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REGIONAL RESEARCH
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Mefodieva S.A., Kuzmina O.V., Nikolaev E.A. The meaning and axiomatics of ideologies in political parties: the political and philosophical aspect
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70
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Beysenbin K.A. Patriotic education of youth using the example of the Russian Cossacks
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77
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Podryadchikov K.R. The transmission and perception of Alsatian identity: at the crossroads of two nations
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82
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INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
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Verchenko D.Yu. The catholic church and the indigenous peoples of Latin America: a long way to mutual understanding
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97
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Naidenova A.O. Comparative analysis of French and American think tanks: institutional development, financial models, and political influence
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114
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Bekturganova B.K. The dynamics of ethnopolitics in central Asia as a catalyst for identity transformation under the influence of soft power
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126
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Wushour, Elizati Towards principled data flow rules: a constructive approach to the digital Silk Road
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134
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Yazan Khirbeik, Khokhlysheva O.O. China's geoeconomic strategies as a component of its foreign policy
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150
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Grebenshchikova E.A., Chernyshov T.A. Joint educational projects between Russia and China as an element of the greater Eurasian partnership
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161
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Andronova S.N., Makoyeva D.V. The Trump administration's policy on UN
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169
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Akhmadi Vaisuddin, Shemul Md Ashekuzzamn The Afghan vector of Uzbekistan's foreign policy (2014–2025)
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177
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Martins D.M. Gazprom in Brazil: an analysis of the presence and role of the Russian company in the economic development of Brazil
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188
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Kalmykova M.V. The culinary heritage of northwestern Italy: unique and distinctive
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199
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HISTORY
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Nabizoda M.S. Sources on political life and mountain Tajiks in the first years of Alim Khan's reign in Kokand (1800-1805)
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210
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Abstracts
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220
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Authors
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241
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Requirements to materials submitted to the international publishing house "Etnosocium"
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245
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This article examines the traditions and contemporary practices of sporting events associated with New Year and Christmas celebrations in various countries. The author analyzes historical examples such as Cornish Hurling in the UK, Burning the Clavie in Scotland, the Christmas biathlon races in Gelsenkirchen (Germany), and other sporting events, emphasizing their role in shaping the cultural landscape of winter holidays. Particular attention is paid to the evolution of these traditions from the 19th to the 21st centuries, including mass starts, cross-country skiing, and Olympic aspects, drawing on a wide range of domestic and international sources.
Key words: New Year, Christmas traditions, history of sport, mass starts, Olympic traditions, winter sports, cultural practices, temporal transition.
The statistical model of population dynamics forecasting, presented here, is based on exponential smoothing procedure, also known as exponential moving average (EMA). Applied to demographics of Russia, it enabled to minimize accidental fluctuations and determine key data trends. The model facilitated to project the RF population prospects with high accuracy and in much shortened time. The discrepancy between obtained projections and the «Rosstat» forecasts proved to be not significant, while the generating procedure became more economized.
Key words: demography, demographical forecasting, variative forecasting, projection scenario, demographical situation, demographical process, exponential smoothing, exponential moving average.
The article examines the specific features of innovation in the agro-industrial complex (AIC) as a key factor in increasing the competitiveness and sustainability of agricultural production. The article defines the essence and functional purpose of innovation processes in the AIC, presenting a comprehensive classification by subject area, degree of novelty, scale of dissemination, and other criteria. Specific features of innovation implementation in agriculture, conditioned by natural, climatic, seasonal, and territorial factors, are identified. Modern technological solutions (automation, digitalization, precision technologies) and indicators of the economic efficiency of innovations are characterized. A step-by-step mechanism for implementing innovation processes, including R&D, testing, implementation, and evaluation of results is described. The main problems of interaction between participants in the innovation process (disunity, personnel shortages, financial barriers) are identified, and areas for improving innovation activities are proposed: strengthening coordination, developing technology transfer, improving state support. A conclusion is drawn regarding the need for a systems approach to the implementation of innovations to ensure food security and sustainable development of the AIC.
Key words: agro-industrial complex (AIC), innovation activities, innovations in agriculture, classification of innovations, technological renewal, economic efficiency, implementation of innovations, stages of the innovation process, participants in the innovation process, state support for innovation, food security, sustainable development of the AIC.
The article provides a systematic analysis of the progressive loss of a military leader’s authority within a unit, accompanied by personality degradation and transformation of status from a recognized leader to an internal adversary — a source of moral pressure and danger.
Authority is a multi-level phenomenon: formal legitimacy, professional competence, moral reliability, and charisma. Its loss is a cumulative process of trust and respect erosion.
Key factors include cognitive biases, dysfunctional communication, reduced adaptability, destructive leadership (favoritism, humiliation, hyper-control), and professional deformation (cynicism, emotional exhaustion, loss of empathy).
The study examines behavioral markers, historical and modern examples, consequences for the unit (decline in combat effectiveness, suicide risks) and the leader (isolation, disqualification), as well as preventive measures: psychometric assessment, anonymous feedback, rotation, and ethical leadership programs.
Key words: military leadership, loss of authority, personality degradation, destructive leadership, professional deformation, moral injury, military collective, adaptability, communication in the army, historical examples of leadership failures, negative commander behavior, destructive commander traits.
The article is devoted to the study of the value and electoral-oriented component of the ideologies of political parties. At the same time, the focus is on the political and philosophical aspect of the importance of ideologies for political parties in the era of electoral populism and "de-ideologization." The goals, objectives, structure, functions and hypotheses of political scientists about ideologies are analyzed. The authors conclude that without an ideological identity, parties eventually cease to represent a certain will and ideas of the social base.
Key words: ideologies, political parties, ideological identity, axiomatics of ideologies, populism.
The article analyses the current problems of patriotic education of youth in the conditions of modern Russia. According to the author, the historical experience of the Russian Cossacks is a positive example of solving certain problems in this area of social relations development.
Key words: patriotism, communal traditions, system of upbringing and education, ideology, traditional moral values.
Alsace, located on the border between France and Germany, has formed a unique identity as a border region, incorporating features of both nations, and has acquired important symbolic significance not only for both countries, but also for the European political project, including the European Union and the Council of Europe. This article characterizes the identity of the region, taking into account the peculiarities of its historical formation. The aim of this article is to analyze how regional identity has been transmitted in historical dynamics and how it has manifested itself. The paper presents and analyzes statistical data reflecting linguistic identity. From this, the conclusion is drawn that there has been a steady loss of the linguistic marker as a means of conveying identity, despite the proposed projects and belated state support for the German and Alsatian languages. The article then examines the cultural, tourist, and political expressions of the region's identity over more than 370 years. In the political sphere, Alsace currently demands not autonomy, as it did a century ago, but withdrawal from the Grand Est region and the transformation of Alsace from a department with special powers into a full-fledged region, appealing to and shaping public opinion with little effect. The conclusion is that political aspirations for a separate Alsace region remain elusive, while the identity conveyed through cuisine, nature, tangible and intangible heritage, museums reflects the dual Franco-German origins of culture in the heart of the Rhine Valley, as well as the dichotomy between local/national and local/European.
Key words: Alsace, regional identity, ethnic identity, nationalism, European Collectivity of Alsace, regional brand.
The modern global political process is characterized by a sharp intensification of indige-nous peoples' movements, their political mobilization and, accordingly, the formation of a special indigenous discourse reflecting their desire to determine independently the prospects for their de-velopment. This phenomenon is most pronounced today in Latin America. Among the political factors that contributed to this, the Catholic Church occupies a special place. Based on the histori-cal and comparative method, the article provides a political analysis of documents, offers an au-thor's understanding and generalization of the results of scientific research in this area, which al-lows us to identify the reasons that led to the transformation of the position of the Catholic Church in relation to the indigenous peoples of Latin America. Acting at the initial stage of colo-nization as an institution for strengthening papal and royal authority in conditions of religious monopoly, the Catholic clergy ignored the religious and social needs of the indigenous people, but, faced with the spread of Protestantism, it gradually turned into the main institutional defend-ers of their interests. Being unable to decentralize the church hierarchy and faced with a reputa-tional deficit due to the fact that for centuries it had supported rich and powerful elites, the Catholic clergy moved into the secular sphere and became active supporters of indigenous peoples' movements and the preservation of their ethno-cultural identity.
Key words: Catholic Church, indigenous peoples, Latin America, colonization, cooperation, indigenous discourse.
Independent expert platforms– think tanks– have become an integral part of the modern political system in developed countries. A comparative analysis of the French and American ecosystems of think tanks reveals differences in their origins, structure, funding, and nature of their impact on public policy.
A comparative analysis of French and American think tanks reveals fundamental differences in institutional development, funding models, and the nature of their impact on the public decision-making process. The American model demonstrates quantitative superiority, greater autonomy, and a more pronounced influence on the formation of political course, while French think tanks maintain close ties with government structures and the academic community, gradually strengthening their role in public and political discourse.
Key words: analytical center, think tanks, brain trust, decision making, USA, France.
In the post-Soviet period, the countries of Central Asia faced the need to construct national and civic identities in conditions of multi-ethnic composition, institutional transformation, and geopolitical instability. Alongside hard instruments of influence, non-coercive components – cultural, ideological, and symbolic – united by the concept of ‘soft power’ have taken on a special role. The article theoretically substantiates the use of an expansive interpretation of ‘soft power’ as a factor capable of indirectly influencing ethno-political processes and identity transformation. Methodologically, a constructivist and institutional approach is used in the format of a comparative analysis of five Central Asian states. The practices of migration, diaspora policy, educational mobility, language and cultural policy, as well as the influence of external actors (Russia, China, USA, EU) are analysed. It is shown that soft power is not a determinant but a catalyst: its effectiveness depends on institutional conditions and the ability of states to incorporate external influences into their own national projects. Conclusions are drawn about the need for inclusive models of nation-building that are adequate to the multi-ethnic and transnational context of the region.
Key words: soft power, ethnopolitics, identity, Central Asia, migration, diaspora, cultural policy.
The success of the Digital Silk Road (DSR), a central pillar of the Belt and Road Initiative, is contingent upon the establishment of a coherent governance framework for cross-border data flows. However, the DSR confronts a significant governance deficit, caught between the competing paradigms of the US-led market-driven model promoting data free flow and the EU’s rights-based model prioritizing data protection. This article posits that neither model adequately addresses the diverse developmental needs, sovereignty concerns, and legal capacities of DSR participating states, necessitating the design of a bespoke 'third way' for data governance. The article first proposes a set of foundational principles for this new framework: respected sovereignty and shared governance, differentiated governance and scalability, and development-centricity with equitable benefit-sharing. It then elaborates on a multi-layered, polycentric architecture for implementation, combining a network of bilateral agreements, flexible plurilateral modules inspired by the Digital Economy Partnership Agreement (DEPA), and practical soft-law mechanisms such as certification systems and standard contractual clauses. The article further argues that the implementation of this framework requires overcoming geopolitical trust deficits and hinges on China's role as a responsible norm entrepreneur. This entails China leading through the transparent application of its domestic data laws, championing open plurilateralism, and providing international public goods such as technical assistance and capacity building for DSR partners. In conclusion, this paper delineates a pragmatic pathway for co-creating a more inclusive, balanced, and interoperable data governance regime that facilitates trusted data flows while respecting developmental prerogatives, thereby contributing to the construction of a 'community of a shared future in cyberspace'.
Key words: cross-border data flow, Digital Silk Road, data sovereignty, Digital Economy Partnership Agreement (DEPA), polycentric governance, Brussels influence, community of shared future in cyberspace.
Geoeconomics serves as a crucial tactic for states to assert their global geopolitical power, giving China the opportunity to rethink both the regional and global landscape.
Economic factors significantly influence China's strategy, which emphasizes economic interests in diplomatic relations and seeks economic expansion while simultaneously occupying prominent positions.
China's geoeconomic strategies, including its expansion strategy, periphery strategy, the Belt and Road Initiative, and the Asian Development Bank (ADB), play a decisive role in the country's foreign policy. These strategies aim to increase economic influence through infrastructure investment, the management of logistics hubs (ports), resource acquisition, and the creation of new markets by relocating companies from developed countries to "peripheral" countries, all while adhering to the principle of non-interference in domestic affairs.
Key words: geoeconomics, Asian Development Bank, Belt and Road, expansion, periphery.
The aim of this study is to analyze the role and potential of joint educational projects between Russia and China within the framework of the Greater Eurasian Partnership (GEP) strategy. The paper employs methods of systemic analysis of scientific literature, official documents, and bilateral cooperation practices. It examines current initiatives – from the creation of joint faculties and institutes at Russian universities to the opening of dual-degree campuses – and assesses their implications for educational and sociocultural integration. The study provides a comprehensive overview of existing programs (e.g., the Russian-Chinese Institute of Tourism FEFU-PUTSK in Wuhan, the Moscow State University-BPI International Campus in Shenzhen, etc.) and identifies key challenges (regulatory barriers, language and financial obstacles). It demonstrates that such initiatives serve as a tool of soft power: they train specialists with bilingual competence, strengthen intercultural ties, and expand mutual influence across the vast Eurasian space. The practical significance of this work lies in its recommendations for the development of bilateral educational programs – including through state support for exchanges and the synchronization of educational standards – and in identifying areas for further research and implementation based on the data obtained.
Key words: Russia, China, educational projects, joint educational programs, joint campuses, Greater Eurasian Partnership, soft power, international education.
The authors explore the specifics of the U.S. policy in transforming relations with NATO member states. A new administration in any country shapes its policies in various areas, reflecting the leadership's views, core ideological principles, and key objectives. The rise of Donald Trump to power in the United States in 2025 also marked a shift in the country's security strategy and its approach to relations with various nations. The transformation also affected the president's policy towards NATO, in the context of understanding the importance of establishing stable economic and political relations not only with the alliance's member countries but also with other states.
At the same time, attention is focused on the key aspects of America's strategic foreign policy planning and the reaction of the leaders of leading European countries to Trump's transatlantic policy.
The difficult relations between the Trump administration and its European allies have led to a new shift in policy towards the North Atlantic Alliance and the economic and political development of the United States.
Key words: foreign policy, model of interaction, strategic planning, NATO, Trump administration, "Western democracy", North Atlantic Alliance.
This article examines the foreign policy of the Republic of Uzbekistan towards the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan from 2014 to 2025. The features and priorities of Uzbekistan's Afghan foreign policy vector during this period are analyzed. Long-standing ties between the two countries, dating back to the Soviet era, are established. A distinctive feature of Uzbekistan's foreign policy towards Afghanistan was the principle of non-interference and neutrality. However, the unstable situation in its southern neighbor and on the borders of the two countries determined the content of Uzbekistan's national security strategy and the organization of relevant activities. Another area of foreign policy was economic cooperation, primarily associated with a number of logistics projects and electricity supplies. As part of humanitarian and cultural initiatives, Uzbekistan provided aid to Afghanistan and implemented educational projects, including the provision of places for Afghan students at Uzbek universities. Thus, Uzbekistan's foreign policy was balanced, which made it possible to avoid the consequences of the Afghan crisis and implement projects beneficial to Uzbekistan.
Key words: Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, foreign policy, Afghan crisis, Hairatan – Mazar-i-Sharif.
In November 2008, Gazprom opened its representative office in Brazil in Rio de Janeiro. The starting point for studying this topic is the importance of cooperation between Russian and Brazilian entrepreneurs who have taken the initiative to work together for economic growth.
The author, studying the topic, came to the conclusion that Russian investments in Brazil will be of great importance, especially for the development of renewable energy sources such as solar and wind. Such investments, including technological and financial ones, are expected to lead to positive results in the oil and gas sector.
The purpose of the study is to show that the partnership between Brazil and Russia is an important factor in the economic growth of both countries in strategically important sectors.
This cooperation promotes mutual investments in strategic sectors such as energy, infrastructure, space technology, and defense.
Using the observation method, the author collected data confirming that Gazprom's entry into the Brazilian market proved to be extremely important, since it was during this period that Petrobras discovered new oil fields.
The study shows that Brazilian entrepreneurs are increasingly aware of the potential of the Russian economy, as well as the historical ties of friendship and cooperation between Brazil and Russia.
Brazil expects investments from Gazprom to attract more Russian companies to its market.
Key words: Gazprom, Brazil, gas, renewable energy sources, investments, cooperation, oil, strategic industries, economy, partnership.
Studying the lives of different peoples, ethnologists primarily investigate fundamental aspects of existence such as housing, clothing, and food. Based on these three characteristics, they judge the character of entire peoples and the code of their historical development. Of particular importance is the role of food, which reflects its culture in the broadest sense of the word. Even in ancient times, it was said: "Tell me what you eat, and I will tell you who you are." How many prejudices, restrictions, and various taboos are associated with food. What diverse reflection it has found in folklore - the ethnic memory of any people. But the attractiveness of Italian cuisine is also associated with concepts of a healthy lifestyle and the Mediterranean diet, which was inscribed on the list of intangible cultural heritage in 2010. The global popularity of Italian cuisine leaves no doubt about the significance of this subject of study.
Key words: food, Northwest Italy, Val d'Aosta, Piedmont, Liguria, Lombardy, cultural influences, culinary heritage, food ethnology.
This article examines the political life of the Tajik people within the state of Kokand during the reign of Alim Khan (1800-1805). The young khan's rise to power occurred in the early 19th century, a period marked by government tensions. The political situation within and beyond the khanate necessitated the strengthening of central authority. To this end, Alim Khan implemented a series of reforms, the fruits of which were soon to be realized. He was the first in the khanate's history to establish a mercenary army, in which Tajiks from Karategin, Darvaz, Badakhshan, and Afghanistan actively participated in the formation of military units. Historical chronicles provide information on the precise number of mountain Tajiks who organized the mercenary army. As noted in historical sources, the khanate's ruler, along with tribal military units, decided to create an alternative military unit from among the sedentary Tajiks of the mountainous regions of Central Asia—Badakhshan, Karategin, and Darvaz. These units played a key role in strengthening central authority, suppressing the rebellion of the khan's opponents, in military campaigns against the rebellious Ura-Tyube region, and in the conquest of the Kuram and Tashkent regions. During his early reign, Alim Khan addressed internal enemies, removing pretenders to the throne—Khojibek, Rustambek, and Buzurghudzh—and eliminating opponents—Boibut Kalmyk, Rajab Kushbegi, Ashur Muhammad, and Khudoykul Bakhodir. He then organized a military campaign to expand his territory and successfully captured the Kuram, Tashkent, and Chimkent regions.
Key words: mountain Tajiks, Badakhshan, Karategin, Darvaz, Kokand, Chitrals, Vakhio, Konibodom, Isfara, Alim Khan, khanates, Khojibek, Rustambek, Buzurghuja, Rajaba-Kushbegi-Tajik, Ashur Muhammad-Tajik, Khudoykul - Bakhodir-Tajik, Kamysh-Kurgan, Asht, Kandyr-davan, Sangin fortress.