The Power Of History – The History Of Power. Volume 12. Issue 6. № 72. 2026 | Международное издательство Этносоциум

Content

PHILOLOGICAL SCIENCES, LINGUISTICS
Gareeva G.N., Salavatova F.R., Akhtarova Z.A. The theme of war and the image of a hero-defender in the works of A. Khakimov and V. Astafyev	14
Amitrova M.V. Creolized text on the Russian military uniform insignia during a special military operation	26
Usmonova M.N. Certain theoretical views on functional and semantic features of Tajik and English etiquette formulas	37
Ashrafzoda B.P. Morphological peculiarities word-building potential of the Tajik suffix –манд in the Tajik literary language referring to the 18th and 19th centuries	46
Bazhutova M.A., Chubarova Yu.E., Orlova T.A., Rezepova N.V. Phonetic interference in the English speech of Russian-speaking students: an experimental study of segmental and prosodic errors and their perceptual significance	59
Vadzhibov M.D. Russian loanwords in the novella “The pear tree” by Tabasaran writer Shakhveled Shakhmardanov	68
Vekhova E.A., Chubarova Yu.E., Ivanova M.E. Translation of French youth slang into English: linguistic, cultural and transformational aspects (based on song discourse)	77
Iskhakova R.R., Absalyamova L.F., Baiturina Yu.M. Anglicisms in the speech of modern Russian-speaking youth: the functional aspect	87
Mirzoeva P.V. Structural and comparative analysis of Tajik and English verbal phraseological units in the aspect of translation (based on the works of S. Aini)	93
Ngo Xuan Bien The role of authorial remarks in understanding Russian literary texts: some aspects of developing Russian reading skills	106
Oqilova H.A. Morphologico-semantical features of the Tajik conjunction Вагарна and its English equivalents (on the material of “Ghulomon” by S. Aini)	115
Penkovskaia I.I. Discursive reconstruction of definitions of operational terms in the lectures of S.M. Eisenstein (based on the term “composition”)	127
Sadovnikova I.I. The specifics of the vocabulary of even proverbs	136
Yusupova M.A. Morphological peculiarities of the Tajik conjunction азбаски and its English equivalents (on the material of “Ghulomon” by S. Aini)	144
Usmonova M.N. Theoretical basis for the study of speech etiquette in various linguocultures	155
HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND GENERAL HISTORY
Minakova I.V., Dedyukhin V.S. Representation of the liberation of the nazi concentration camp Auschwitz-Birkenau (Oswiecim) in Russian and foreign official texts	169
Dolgushina P.S., Shostak V.A., Sinegubov S.N. The genesis of the term “serial murder” and the transformation of the figure of a serial maniac in the context of the ideological confrontation between the USSR and the USA during the Cold War	182
Gerasimov M.S. The image of the Irish in the British press after the great famine (1850–1856)	190
Vural Müjgan Ilkhanıd tax polıcy ın Anatolıa: from tradıtıonal mongolıan taxes to local and arbıtrary tax lıabılıtıes	198
Kaun S.B., Naboka D.Yu. Gustav Stresemann’s diplomacy as an instrument of the anti-crisis policy of the Weimar Republic	215
Sorokin N.O. Ideology and pragmatism in Korean Policy toward China («sadae» and «yondae» during the reign of King Taejong)	231
Tkach E.E. American aid to the Soviet Republics: the “Joint” mission, 1917–1922	243
Schmidt A.K. Artificial intelligence in the restoration of historical audiovisual materials: methodological issues and experimental analysis	254
Li Li, Hu Siyuan, Lin Huangye The institutionalization of European integration: the case of the European coal and steel community	267
Lozovaya A.M. Temporal architecture of the academic environment of the People’s Republic of China	279
ACTUAL QUESTIONS OF HISTORICAL SCIENCES
Uporov I.V. Features of the formation and powers of political investigation bodies in the 17th – early 18th centuries	286
Rubtsova M.V., Pavenkov V.G., Rubtsova A.V. On the cognitive history of St. Petersburg in the 18th century: a review of modern literature	296
Faizullin S.A. Transformations of external borders Aktanyshsky district of Tatarstan	307
Vural Cagatay Sewn plaques on clothing from scythian burial mounds in the north Caucasus: a sociocultural assessment based on network analysis and combinatorial criteria	317
Chebarev V.V. Comparative analysis of the activities of the officer artillery school in the early 20th century (1904-1909)	330
Rushchenko G.S. Friends, neutrals, and enemies: semantic content analysis of social categories in the 1902 appeal by anarchist J.W. Machajski	342
Abramov D.M. The problems of interfaith and intra-church relations in the Russian Northwest and the Baltic region in the first half of the 13th century	351
Alieva L.V., Garchu Nadezhda The regional press and the construction of the image of the enemy: «Pskov Provincial Gazette» during World War I	367
Bobrovsky I.A. On the issue of formation of special-purpose units on the territory of the Voronezh Gubernia during the Civil War	378
Lukyanchenko E.E., Voloshin G.R., Unanyan G.A., Kostin K.N., Petrov N.Yu. Why the Olympic games remain the main sporting event in the world	386
Gorkush S.V., Klimochkina A.Yu., Mysheva A.A. Databases on genocide victims as a historical source of the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945)	394
Kirillova A.I. Whaling and marine mammal hunting in the Okhotsk-Kamchatka region at the beginning of the 20th century: in whose hands was it concentrated?	404
Larina F.Sh. The introducing of artificial intelligence (AI) in the history of military diplomacy	413
Levashov O.E. Restoration and modernization of the radio system of the Kursk region in 1946–1965	421
Morozov A.S. State regulation of the labor market in conditions of personnel shortage: the experience of Soviet Russia in the 1920s on the example of the Eastern suburbs	434
Nagaeva G.A. The tavern trade in the Russian provinces in the late 19th and early 20th centuries (a case study of the port city of Novorossiysk)	443
Аннотации	471
Авторы	487

РЕДАКЦИОННЫЙ СОВЕТ

Deputy. Chief Editor and Project Manager:

Ternovaya L.O., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Moscow Automobile and Road Construction University.

Rybakov S.V., Doctor of historical sciences, Associate Professor of the history of Russian Ural Federal University.

Mikhailov V.A., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation, Head of the Department of National and Federal Relations of the Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation.

Dolgenko A.N., Doctor of Philology. Head of the Department of Russian and Foreign Languages at the Moscow Academy of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation.

Kovaleva N.A., Doctor of Philology, Associate Professor. Professor of the Department of Russian Language and Literature of the Institute of Foreign Languages of Nanjing University (PRC).

Nenarokova M.R., Doctor of Philology, Professor of the Department of Theory and Practice of Foreign Languages, Institute of Foreign Languages, RUDN University, Leading Researcher, Department of Classical Literature of the West and Comparative Literature. Institute of World Literature RAN. Interpreter/Translator.

Nagornova E.V., PhD in Philology, Associate Professor of the Department of Theory and Practice of Foreign Languages at the Institute of Foreign Languages of the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia.

Nikashina N.V., PhD in Philology, Associate Professor of the Department of Theory and Practice of Foreign Languages, Institute of Foreign Languages, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia.

Klimenko D.A., Candidate of Philology, specialist in Italy.

Murashko S.F., Candidate of Psychological Sciences, Professor of the Department of Russian and Foreign Languages. Moscow Academy of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation.

Ternovaya L.O., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor MADI (The Moscow Automobile and Road Construction University).

Ivakin G.A., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Expert. Deputy Director of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Psychological Institute of the Russian Academy of Education".

Naumova G.R., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor of Lomonosov Moscow State University.

Nikonov A.V., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, State Councellor of the 1st class, the Lomonosov Moscow State University.

Nechiporenko V.S., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration.

Ponomarenko B.T., Honoured worker of higher education, Professor of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration.

Letunovsky P.V., Doctor of Political Sciences, Candidate of Historical Sciences, head of the department of Humanitarian, Social and Economic Disciplines of the Russian Federation Armed Forces Army Air Defense Military Academy named after the Marshal of the A.M. Vassilevsky Soviet Union.

Varsonofiev V.V., Candidate of Political Science, Military expert.

Chapkin S.V., Honorary Academician, President of the “Academy of Ecology and Law”.

Boltenkova L.F., Doctor of Legal Sciences, Professor.

Vrajnova M.N., Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, Professor, Moscow Automobile and Road Construction University (MADI).

Honali Kurbonzoda, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Rector of the «National Institute of professional development and training of educators».

Platonova N.M., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor of the Department of Social Sciences and Humanities of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education Far Eastern State Transport University (Khabarovsk).

Ashrapov B.P., Candidate of Philological Sciences. Associate Professor, Department of English, Khujand State University named after Academician Bobojon Gafurov.

Stepanov S.A., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Law Institute, Department of Public Policy and History of State and Law.

Abstracts

Gareeva G.N.

Salavatova F.R.

Akhtarova Z.A.

The theme of war and the image of a hero-defender in the works of A. Khakimov and V. Astafyev

In their best works, Akhiyar Khakimov and Viktor Astafyev explore the tragic events of the war years, showing their impact on the lives of the people, conveying the spirit of the time and the feelings of the characters, creating a deep and emotionally charged image of wartime. The works of these frontline writers are characterized not only by their depth of storytelling, but also by their authenticity in describing the events. The authors actively use various genre techniques to create a complex psychological portrait of wartime and engage readers in reflecting on the value of peace and a peaceful life.

V. Astafyev and A. Khakimov do not limit themselves to external descriptions of battles and military operations, but also analyze the inner world of their characters, showing how war affects the psyche of soldiers, changes their usual way of life and relationships with their loved ones, and explores the concept of heroism, reflecting certain moral ideals and values. The writers convey the complexity of the moral choices faced by their characters, emphasizing the universally recognized virtues that help overcome the challenges of wartime.

The results showed that in the works of A. Khakimov and V. Astafyev, the seemingly calm presentation of dramatic events does not contradict the logic of the plot development. The authors use the technique of montage, where the past of the characters is intertwined with their present, and the action is periodically shifted from one time to another, which allows us to speak of a retrospective composition of the works. The reordering of the chronology of events is driven by the authors' desire to shift the readers' attention from the surface aspects of the events to their deeper meaning. The autobiographical nature of the works brings readers closer to the events depicted, making the main character more relatable, while the use of fictional names allows for the expansion and deepening of the documentary basis of the depicted events.

Key words: Great Patriotic War, Bashkir and Russian literature, prose, story, genre, synthesis, drama, warrior hero.

Amitrova M.V.

Creolized text on the Russian military uniform insignia during a special military operation

This article examines the role of creolized texts on Russian military uniform insignia during the Special Military Operation. It analyzes the content, structure, and functions of creolized texts, as well as their differences from other types of text (polycode and dicode). It emphasizes that creolized texts act as a distinct type of text, as the verbal and nonverbal components form a single, complex structure that influences the recipient's perception of their meaning and significance. By fulfilling various functions, creolized text unites recipients into social and professional groups. In the military and professional sphere, creolized text serves as a source of information about a service member's rank and unit. During the Special Military Operation, the role of creolized text on stripes, chevrons, patches was supplemented by informal meaning, conveying values and views, and creating new meanings for servicemen during a difficult period.

Key words: creolized texts, polycode texts, dicode texts, chevrons, patches, military sphere, servicemen, recipient.

Usmonova M.N.

Certain theoretical views on functional and semantic features of Tajik and English etiquette formulas

The given article presents a comprehensive theoretical examination of the functional and semantic features of speech etiquette formulas in Tajik and English through the lens of comparative pragmatics and sociolinguistics. Drawing upon Speech Act Theory, Rapport Management Theory, and cross-cultural communication frameworks, the study analyzes the systemic differences in how these two linguocultures encode politeness, social hierarchy, and interpersonal relationships. The research employs a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative analysis of linguistic data from Sadriddin Aini's canonical works with contemporary usage observations. The analysis reveals that Tajik speech etiquette operates within a high-power-distance, collectivist cultural paradigm, emphasizing formality, respect for elders, and indirectness through elaborate honorific systems and the cultural practice of "Taarof." In contrast, English speech etiquette, particularly in contemporary American and British contexts, reflects low-power-distance, individualistic values, prioritizing directness, informality, and egalitarianism. These differences manifest systematically across forms of address, greetings, leave-takings, requests, apologies, and expressions of gratitude. The study contributes to cross-cultural pragmatics and has significant implications for language teaching, translation theory, and intercultural communication training.

Key words: speech etiquette, Tajik language, English language, sociolinguistics, intercultural communication, national-cultural specifics, forms of address, politeness theory, speech act theory, comparative pragmatics.

Ashrafzoda B.P.

Morphological peculiarities word-building potential of the Tajik suffix –манд in the Tajik literary language referring to the 18th and 19th centuries

The given article dwells on the morphological peculiarities and word-building potential of the Tajik suffix –манд in the Tajik literary language of the 18th–19th centuries, based on materials from historical written monuments–"Tuhfat-ul-Khani" by Muhammad Vafoi Karminagi and "Tarikh-i jadidiyya-i Tashkand" by Muhammad Salih Tashkandi. The study employs a comprehensive methodology including descriptive, derivational, component, comparative-historical, quantitative, contextual, and statistical analysis methods. The research identifies over 60 lexical units with the suffix –манд across more than 150 contexts. The findings demonstrate that –манд was a highly productive noun-forming element in the period under study, with the primary derivational model being N/Adj + –манд → Adj, and a secondary model N/Adj + –манд + –ӣ → N forming abstract nouns. Derivatives cover semantic groups related to mental qualities, social status, emotional states, and value characteristics. The suffix shows significantly higher productivity than in earlier periods, while maintaining functional stability compared to the modern Tajik literary language. The study contributes to the historical morphology and diachronic word-formation theory of Tajik linguistics.

Key words: Tajik literary language, suffix –манд, word formation, morphology, 18th–19th centuries, historical written monuments, derivational models, productivity, Tuhfat-ul-Khani, Tarikh-i jadidiyya-i Tashkand.

Bazhutova M.A.

Chubarova Yu.E.

Orlova T.A.

Rezepova N.V.

Phonetic interference in the English speech of Russian-speaking students: an experimental study of segmental and prosodic errors and their perceptual significance

The article examines the problem of phonetic interference from Russian in the English speech of Russian-speaking students. The main types of interference are analyzed at the segmental level (consonant and vowel phonemes) and suprasegmental level (intonation, stress) drawing on various classifications. Particular attention is devoted to the impact of phonetic errors on speech comprehension and communication in general, to the transfer of native-language pronunciation habits, and to the aggravation of interference due to the absence of an authentic language environment. Drawing on an analysis of scholarly literature and experimental data, the study identifies the most typical deviations from English pronunciation norms, including substitutions of interdental sounds [θ] and [ð], the sound [w], and the nasal [ŋ]; devoicing of word-final voiced consonants; inability to distinguish long and short vowels; and intonational errors in questions, requests, and formulaic polite phrases. The paper elucidates the concept of phonolexical (phonological) errors, which distort utterance meaning and disrupt the communicative act. Attention is also paid to achieving "comprehensibility" of speech. Practical recommendations are proposed for overcoming phonetic interference in English language instruction.

Key words: Russian-speaking students, English pronunciation, phonolexical errors, speech comprehension, intercultural communication, non-contact bilingualism.

Vadzhibov M.D.

Russian loanwords in the novella “The pear tree” by Tabasaran writer Shakhveled Shakhmardanov

The aim of this study is to describe the Russian loanwords used by the Tabasaran writer Shakhveled Shakhmardanov in his novella “The Pear Tree”, written in the 1980s. The comparative analysis also incorporates lexical items not found in the novella itself. The novelty of this work lies in the fact that it is being conducted for the first time, while its relevance stems from the potential to incorporate the research findings into teaching practice and utilize them in dictionary compilation. The list we have compiled includes the following Russian loanwords: 20 nouns, one adjective, and two verbs. These loanwords, which entered and enriched the Tabasaran language, were actively used by Tabasaran speakers during the Soviet era. However, the adoption of some of the words in question evidently predated the writing of the novella, as several of the borrowed terms likely underwent adaptation before the work appeared. The Russian loanwords used in the novella remain in use in Tabasaran speech today. It is possible, however, that some words on the list may eventually disappear from the Tabasaran language for various reasons.

Key words: Russianisms, Tabasaran language, Russian language, literary speech, borrowing, adaptation, linguistic processes, usage, enrichment, lexeme.

Vekhova E.A.

Chubarova Yu.E.

Ivanova M.E.

Translation of French youth slang into English: linguistic, cultural and transformational aspects (based on song discourse)

The article examines the functioning of slang in modern French and the specifics of its translation into English in song discourse. The study is carried out in three aspects: linguistic, cultural, and transformational. The main features of the youth sociolect are analyzed: variability, rapid adaptation to new realities, media-driven dissemination, inclusion of nonverbal and graphic elements, and active borrowings from English, Arabic, and African languages, as well as traditional verlan. Particular attention is paid to the difficulties of translating French song slang into English, including the need to convey not only semantics but also the cultural code, stylistic coloring, and emotional expressiveness of the original. Drawing on examples from French-language songs, the study identifies and describes the main translation transformations: euphemistic and dysphemistic translation, concretization, generalization, compensation, calquing, omission, descriptive translation, and antonymic translation. It is concluded that song discourse is one of the most difficult types of specialized translation, requiring from the translator linguistic precision, artistic intuition, background knowledge, and a deep understanding of the social and musical specificity of the genre.

Key words: French slang, youth sociolect, song genre discourse, translation into English, translational transformations, Verlan, cultural code, use of euphemisms in translation, equivalent, intercultural communication.

Iskhakova R.R.

Absalyamova L.F.

Baiturina Yu.M.

Anglicisms in the speech of modern Russian-speaking youth: the functional aspect

The present article represents the analysis of the processes by which contemporary Russian youth adopt English vocabulary. The article thoroughly examines the extralinguistic factors driving the increased use of English elements, the mechanisms of their adaptation within the Russian linguistic system, and the functional specifics of their usage among young people. The paper describes the character of relationship between Anglicisms and linguistic norms. The stages of adapting English-origin elements to the norms of the Russian language are also considered within the framework of the article.

Key words: anglicisms, borrowing, the Russian language, linguistic norm, slang, linguistic norm.

Mirzoeva P.V.

Structural and comparative analysis of Tajik and English verbal phraseological units in the aspect of translation (based on the works of S. Aini)

The article focuses on the structural and semantic characteristics of Tajik verbal phraseological units in the works of Sadriddin Aini and explores their translation into English from a comparative perspective. The aim of the study is to identify the most productive structural models of verbal phraseological units and determine the degree of their equivalence in translation into English. The research employs structural, semantic, and comparative methods of analysis. The comparative analysis shows that the Noun + Verb model is the most productive, whereas the Noun + Noun + Verb, Prep. + Noun + Verb, and Prep. + Subs. + Verb models demonstrate different degrees of productivity. The study shows that the core semantic content of phraseological units is generally preserved in English translation; however, their structural organization and national-cultural imagery often undergo transformation. The analysis of translation strategies demonstrates that Tajik phraseological units are frequently rendered by means of simple verbs, free word combinations, or grammatical constructions with different structural patterns.

Key words: phraseological unit, verbal phraseology, Tajik language, English language, comparative analysis, translation, structural model, semantic equivalence, national-cultural specificity.

Ngo Xuan Bien

The role of authorial remarks in understanding Russian literary texts: some aspects of developing Russian reading skills

This article examines the role of authorial stage directions in the comprehension of Russian literary texts and explores their linguodidactic potential for developing Russian-language reading skills. The study is qualitative in nature, relying on descriptive, context-semantic, functional, and interpretive analyses of the interplay between authorial stage directions, character dialogue, and the surrounding context. Four key aspects of authorial stage directions crucial for understanding literary texts are identified: contextual, intonational-speech, emotional-psychological, and interpretive. The significance of these directions is determined by both their explicit content and their interaction with character dialogue and the communicative situation. Accordingly, the study distinguishes between the textual cue itself and the subsequent inference drawn by the reader. An analytical approach was developed comprising a series of steps: identifying the textual signal, grasping its verbal meaning, relating it to the character's utterance and the surrounding context, formulating a semantic inference, and, finally, verifying the resulting interpretation. It was demonstrated that purposeful engagement with authorial stage directions enhances key reading sub-processes. These include establishing contextual connections, assimilating diverse textual data, synthesizing a coherent inference, and subsequently interpreting it with supporting arguments. Within this framework, authorial stage directions are conceptualized not merely as isolated tools for skill improvement, but as integral textual components that foster a deep and nuanced understanding of works of Russian literature.

Key words: author's remark, literary text, reading, understanding of the text, Russian as a foreign language, communicative context, reader's conclusion, interpretation.

Oqilova H.A.

Morphologico-semantical features of the Tajik conjunction Вагарна and its English equivalents (on the material of "Ghulomon" by S. Aini)

The given article dwells on the morphological structure and semantic functions of the Tajik conjunction вагарна and its English equivalents based on the material of S. Aini's novel "Ghulomon". The study identifies the morphological composition of вагарна as a compound conjunction formed from the conditional particle агар and the negation на, analyzes its polysemantic nature encompassing conditional-contrastive, adversative, and conditional-warning meanings, and establishes a systematic correspondence with English equivalents including otherwise, or else, if not, and lest. The research employs descriptive, comparative, and quantitative methods, analyzing 53 contexts from the novel. The findings contribute to Tajik-English contrastive linguistics and translation studies, revealing that the choice of English equivalent depends on pragmatic factors including communicative intent, stylistic register, and discourse context.

Key words: conjunction, вагарна, Tajik language, English equivalents, morphological features, semantic features, contrastive analysis, S. Aini, "Ghulomon".

Penkovskaia I.I.

Discursive reconstruction of definitions of operational terms in the lectures of S.M. Eisenstein (based on the term “composition”)

The article addresses a problem raised but left unresolved in the authors' previous work: if an operational term of S. M. Eisenstein's lecture discourse fundamentally lacks a dictionary definition, how can such a definition be reconstructed by a linguist? A six-stage algorithm for the discursive reconstruction of a dictionary definition of an operational term is proposed and tested: forming a corpus of contexts, classifying usages, identifying semantic components, distinguishing the core and periphery of meaning, describing discursive means of defining, and constructing the final formulation. The algorithm is tested on the lectures “Return of a Soldier from the Front” (Vol. 4 of Eisenstein's selected works, p. 27–535), where the lexeme “composition” (excluding derivatives) occurs 50 times; 33 representative contexts were selected for detailed qualitative analysis. The core of the term's meaning consists of organization and interaction of parts; the periphery includes processuality, regularity, expressiveness, and emotional impact. Five discursive means of defining are identified. The reconstructed definition is confirmed by comparison with the single explicit authorial definition of composition and is applicable to describing other operational terms and idiostyle lexicography.

Key words: operational terminology, discursive definition, meaning reconstruction, the term "composition," analysis algorithm, lecture discourse, S.M. Eisenstein.

Sadovnikova I.I.

The specifics of the vocabulary of even proverbs

An important component of the Even folklore heritage is represented by the paremiological fund – proverbs and sayings. These concise genres of folk literature encapsulate the centuries-old experience of the Even people, their worldview, and the specifics of their economic way of life. The vocabulary of these expressions is inextricably linked to traditional way of life: they widely reflect the terminology describing reindeer herding, the animal world, household items, and the climatic features of the region. This paper presents a linguistic analysis of Even paroemias, which reflect the specific features of the interaction between the ethnic group and the surrounding natural environment (the plant and animal world), as well as the characteristics of traditional household items. The relevance of the work is due to the fact that the paremiological fund serves as a kind of “code” of culture, in which the people’s centuries-old observations of the environment are recorded. An analysis of these nominations makes it possible to reconstruct fragments of the Even linguistic worldview and identify.

Key words: Even language, Evens, proverbs, vocabulary, folklore, flora, fauna, zoonyms, metaphor.

Yusupova M.A.

Morphological peculiarities of the Tajik conjunction азбаски and its English equivalents (on the material of “Ghulomon” by S. Aini)

The present article aims to provide a comprehensive morphological and functional analysis of азбаски as it appears in S. Aini's novel "Ghulomon" and to establish a typologically grounded system of its English equivalents. The study employs a mixed-methods design within a contrastive linguistic framework. A corpus of 56 occurrences was extracted from the novel, from which 10 representative examples were selected for in-depth analysis based on syntactic environment, modal context, and discourse function. Translation equivalence analysis was conducted using a systematically varied set of English causal conjunctions (inasmuch as, given that, for the reason that, seeing that, as, due to the fact that, since, considering that, on the grounds that, because), with equivalents classified according to the epistemic–content–speech-act distinction. The comparative analysis demonstrates that no single English equivalent uniformly translates азбаски; instead, a nuanced system of correspondences emerges: inasmuch as for formal factual causation; given that for presupposed causes; for the reason that for medial explanatory clauses; seeing that for inferential historical causation; as for contrastive contexts; due to the fact that for restrictive focusing; since for unmarked backgrounded causes; considering that for epistemic inference; on the grounds that for justification; and because for prototypical causal relations.

Key words: Tajik language, English language, conjunction азбаски, causal conjunctions, comparative linguistics, morphological analysis, translation equivalents, S. Aini, "Ghulomon", contrastive grammar, causal relations, epistemic causality.

Usmonova M.N.

Theoretical basis for the study of speech etiquette in various linguocultures

The given article provides a systematic review and critical synthesis of the primary theoretical frameworks underpinning the cross-cultural study of speech etiquette. It argues that a robust understanding of communicative norms requires an integrated approach that moves beyond mere description of linguistic forms to an explanation of their underlying pragmalinguistic and sociocultural logic. The methodology is a theoretical synthesis, wherein the core tenets, strengths, and limitations of each framework are critically examined. To ground the theoretical discussion in an empirical context, the article employs a comparative analysis of illustrative examples from diverse linguocultures (including English, Russian, Japanese, and others), demonstrating how each theory uniquely illuminates different facets of speech etiquette. The analysis reveals that while Speech Act Theory provides a universal foundation for communication as action, it is Politeness Theory that offers a powerful, albeit contested, model for explaining strategic language use. The ethnopragmatic approach provides the necessary cultural depth by articulating the "why" behind specific norms, while Interactional Sociolinguistics highlights the dynamic, co-constructed nature of etiquette in real-time interaction. The article concludes that the study of speech etiquette is fundamental to understanding the complex interplay between language, culture, and social structure, with profound implications for intercultural communication, foreign language education, and global diplomacy.

Key words: speech etiquette, theoretical foundations, pragmatics, politeness theory, speech act theory, cultural scripts, interactional sociolinguistics, intercultural communication, linguoculture.

Minakova I.V.

Dedyukhin V.S.

Representation of the liberation of the nazi concentration camp Auschwitz-Birkenau (Oswiecim) in Russian and foreign official texts

The authors conducted a comparative analysis of the representation of the liberation of the Nazi concentration camp Auschwitz-Birkenau (Oswiecim) by the Red Army in contemporary Russian official discourse and in official texts of foreign countries. It was established that the conflict of interpretations surrounding the liberation of Auschwitz is part of a broader "memory war," in which each side uses the event to legitimize its own political positions in the present. Based on the analysis, systemic discrepancies between Russian and foreign discourses were identified according to key parameters: the naming of the liberator, attitudes toward Russia’s diplomatic involvement, and the functions of historical memory. The conclusion is drawn that the memory of Auschwitz’s liberation has become an active resource in political struggle, serving opposing geopolitical objectives: for Russia, the legitimization of historical heritage and societal consolidation; for the West, distancing from contemporary Russia and the affirmation of a narrative about a totalitarian past. Understanding this divide is necessary for deconstructing mutual claims in the «memory wars» and for preserving historical accuracy, which increasingly becomes a hostage of current geopolitics.

Key words: Auschwitz, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Red Army, politicization of history, historical memory, official discourse, historical legacy, politics of memory, World War II.

Dolgushina P.S.

Shostak V.A.

Sinegubov S.N.

The genesis of the term "serial murder" and the transformation of the figure of a serial maniac in the context of the ideological confrontation between the USSR and the USA during the Cold War

This article examines the conceptualization of the serial killer and the origins of the term "serial murderer" within the context of the contrasting ideologies of the USSR and the United States during the Cold War. The relevance of this issue is undeniable, as evidenced by the difficulties of defining a killer with multiple victims, including their search, compiling a psychological profile, and integrating murder cases into a single case. To fully understand the transformation of forensic methods, this issue must be considered within the context of the ideological confrontation between the USSR and the United States as two leading global powers. An analysis of the historical context is provided, which understands the influence of external conditions on the transformation of the forensic approach to dealing with multiple murders by a single individual with a distinctive style. The purpose of this article is to examine the origins of the term "serial murder" and approaches to dealing with serial killers from the perspective of two countries with different ideologies, taking into account forensic, psychiatric, and legal aspects. This will allow for a comprehensive understanding of the new concept.

Key words: Serial killer, ideology, Cold War, forensics, psychiatric examination, profiling.

Gerasimov M.S.

The image of the Irish in the British press after the great famine (1850–1856)

The article examines representations of Ireland and the Irish in the British periodical press during the first years after the Great Famine. Based on materials published in Punch and The Spectator, the study identifies the principal stereotypes used by the British press to portray the Irish population between 1850 and 1856. Particular attention is paid to representations of Irish poverty, mass emigration, Catholicism, lawbreaking, and political rebelliousness. Jacques Lacan’s concept of the Other is employed as the theoretical framework of the study, making it possible to interpret the image of the Irishman as an element in the construction of British collective identity. The analysis demonstrates the ambivalent nature of this image. The Irish could be portrayed sympathetically as victims of famine and social and economic hardship, while at the same time being represented as bearers of characteristics that distinguished them from the normative image of the Englishman. The article concludes that British periodicals of the period reproduced a persistent set of national and confessional stereotypes that subsequently influenced British public perceptions of the Irish question.

Key words: Ireland, Irish people, Great Britain, Great Famine, British press, Punch, The Spectator, national stereotypes, the Other, Jacques Lacan.

Vural Müjgan

Ilkhanıd tax polıcy ın Anatolıa: from tradıtıonal mongolıan taxes to local and arbıtrary tax lıabılıtıes

This article provides a comprehensive examination of the tax policy pursued by the Ilkhanid state in Anatolia, the socio-economic consequences of this system, and the central government’s efforts to implement financial reforms. Tax revenues, which constituted the state’s main sources of income, are analysed in detail; at the same time, the problems caused by an unbalanced financial structure, as well as the economic decline of the state, are examined from a historical perspective.

Key words: Ilkhanate, tax system, Anatolia, Mongol Empire, economic history.

Kaun S.B.

Naboka D.Yu.

Gustav Stresemann’s diplomacy as an instrument of the anti-crisis policy of the Weimar Republic

The article analyzes the diplomatic activity of Gustav Stresemann in 1923-1929 as an instrument of the anti-crisis policy of the Weimar Republic. Special attention is paid to the strategy of the “policy of implementation”, the Dawes and Jung plans, as well as the Locarno Treaties of 1925, which allowed Germany to break out of international isolation, stabilize the economic system and achieve a partial revision of the Versailles restrictions.

Key words: Gustav Stresemann, Treaty of Versailles, Weimar Republic, hyperinflation, diplomacy, "policy of fulfillment," Dawes Plan, Locarno Treaties.

Sorokin N.O.

Ideology and pragmatism in Korean Policy toward China («sadae» and «yondae» during the reign of King Taejong)

The article highlights the features of Sino-Korean relations at the onset of the 15th century during the reign of Taejong of Joseon (1400-1418) and the Ming Emperor Zhu Di (1402-1424). The given constructivist and realist interpretations determine Confucian norms of sadae and its derivative yondae as the core bias of bilateral diplomacy. Taejong of Joseon is stated to have embraced pragmatism in his political intercourse with China.

Key words: Sino-Korean relations, Joseon, Min Wang Taejong, Zhu Di, sadae, yongdae.

Tkach E.E.

American aid to the Soviet Republics: the "Joint" mission, 1917–1922

The article analyzes the humanitarian activities of the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (JDC/Joint) within the Soviet republics from 1917 to 1922. The study provides a detailed overview of the evolution of the organization's strategy, shifting from early attempts at remote financial transfers to an essential transition toward a physical presence of its representatives amidst severe political isolation and the Civil War in Soviet Russia. Special attention is given to the critical phase in the summer of 1921, when the Joint entered into a coalition with the American Relief Administration (ARA) to combat the widespread famine. Based on archival records, the paper examines the specific mechanisms of cargo delivery through Baltic ports, the operation of a transparent food draft coupon system, and the deployment of an extensive network of feeding stations and hospitals in the hardest-hit regions, including Ukraine and the Tiraspol Uyezd. The paper highlights the committee's pragmatic approach, which manifested in recruiting local medical staff and extending relief to all populations in need regardless of nationality. It is concluded that the experience of emergency relief laid a solid foundation for transitioning to long-term Soviet-American projects aimed at developing Jewish agricultural settlements under the Agro-Joint corporation.

Key words: American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, the Joint, American Relief Administration, ARA, Soviet Russia, humanitarian aid, famine relief, archival documents, Tiraspol Uyezd, Agro-Joint.

Schmidt A.K.

Artificial intelligence in the restoration of historical audiovisual materials: methodological issues and experimental analysis

The article addresses methodological problems of using generative neural networks in historical research when working with audiovisual sources reflecting the functioning of institutions of power and military bureaucracy in Germany in the first half of the 20th century. Based on two archival documents from the Bundesarchiv – an audio recording of a report by Lieutenant General Arthur Schmidt for the Wehrmachtbericht (1942) and his service photograph from the period of his admission to the Reichswehr (1919–1920) – the question of permissible boundaries of digital intervention in a historical source is examined. The methodology combines a comparative analysis of traditional and AI processing, quantitative metrics (SNR, PSNR, SSIM), blind testing with the participation of expert historians, and historical verification of the identified elements. It was established that AI audio processing increased the signal-to-noise ratio from 4.2 to 14.3 dB; however, artifacts were recorded over 9.8% of the recording's duration, including a "linguistic hallucination." The super-resolution algorithm made visible a silhouette of the photographer in the pupil that was present in the original but unreadable, which does not contradict the historical realities of photographic technology of the 1910s–1920s and the practice of mandatory photographing upon admission to military service. Colorization produced a statistically averaged result, which indicates its illustrative rather than documentary potential. The author concludes that the boundary between restoration and reconstruction is blurred and proposes the concept of "cognitive restoration," which presupposes the labeling of generative interventions and the priority of preserving authentic defects. The necessity of distinguishing operations for revealing hidden information into a separate class requiring its own verification criterion is separately substantiated. The work is addressed to Germanist historians, specialists in the history of state and military institutions, and researchers of digital history.

Key words: Arthur Schmidt, Federal Archives (Bundesarchiv), archival sources, audiovisual sources, source criticism, digital history, generative neural networks, artificial intelligence in historical research, restoration of historical sources, reconstruction.

Li Li

Hu Siyuan

Lin Huangye

The institutionalization of European integration: the case of the European coal and steel community

The article examines the process of institutionalization of European integration through the example of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) - the first integration association that laid the institutional foundations of the modern European Union. The author analyzes the historical prerequisites for the creation of the ECSC, its constituent documents, institutional structure, and the evolution of supranational authorities. Special attention is paid to the contradiction between the powers of supranational institutions enshrined in the Paris Treaty and the actual practice of their application in various economic and political conditions. Based on the analysis of theoretical concepts of functionalism and neofunctionalism, as well as empirical data, it is concluded that the ECSC became the most important stage in the institutionalization of European integration, creating an institutional template for subsequent integration agreements, however, its real impact on the development of the coal and steel industry in Europe remained limited.

Key words: European Coal and Steel Community, European integration, Treaty of Paris 1951, supranational institutions, institutionalization, functionalism, neofunctionalism, High Authority, European Court of Justice, Schuman Plan.

Lozovaya A.M.

Temporal architecture of the academic environment of the People's Republic of China

This article analyzes the temporal organization of the education system of the People's Republic of China as a multilevel system of time regimes, which largely defined the concept of Chinese academic mobility. Based on the analysis of the evolution of China's state policy, three interrelated time dimensions have been identified: historical (transformation from isolation to integration), institutional (transition from administrative prohibitions to strategic planning) and biographical (change in individual educational trajectories). Special attention is paid to the initial stage of 1949-1979, reflected in the works of A.A. Antipovsky, N.E. Borevskaya and N.V. Franchuk, as well as the collective monograph "The People's Republic of China in 1979". It is shown that academic education in China is a temporal structure that depends on the actions of the state. It is concluded that Chinese education is an example of "managed temporality", which makes it possible to synchronize individual development strategies with the general strategies of the state.

Key words: academic mobility, People's Republic of China, temporal architecture, education management, science and education policy, internationalization of higher education, 1949-1979.

Uporov I.V.

Features of the formation and powers of political investigation bodies in the 17th – early 18th centuries

This article examines issues related to the creation and functioning of political investigation agencies involved in the investigation of political crimes during the Muscovite state and the reign of Peter the Great. Emphasis is placed on the formation of such agencies and the powers they possessed. Accordingly, regulatory and law enforcement acts in this area of public relations are analyzed, primarily the Cathedral Code of 1649 and the decrees of Peter the Great. The opinions of authors of scholarly works that address this stated topic are also included. It is noted that during the period under review, political investigation was initially carried out by officials of the prikazes and governors. Later, during the reign of Peter the Great, special permanent political investigation agencies emerged in the form of the Preobrazhensky Prikaz and the Secret Chancellery. Their activities were directed by the sovereign and, often in particularly serious cases against the state, under his direct supervision.

Key words: political investigation, Cathedral Code, orders, governors, denunciation, investigation, Preobrazhensky Order, secret chancery.

Rubtsova M.V.

Pavenkov V.G.

Rubtsova A.V.

On the cognitive history of St. Petersburg in the 18th century: a review of modern literature

In this article, the history of St. Petersburg in the 18th century is examined through the prism of the emerging methodology of cognitive history - an approach that treats mental schemas, spatial cognition and affective representations as historically specific and changeable phenomena. Synthesizing studies of the semiotics of the “St. Petersburg text”, spatial-geographical turns in Russian historiography, political anthropology of monarchical ceremonies and the history of emotions, the authors of the article show that the cognitive apparatus with the help of which contemporaries perceived, remembered and navigated the new capital of Peter the Great was actively formed under the influence of panegyric rhetoric, urban planning, ceremonial choreography and print culture. The analysis is structured around four interconnected cognitive operations that determined the perception of St. Petersburg in the 18th century: the founding myth as an organizing scheme, the conceptual duality of paradise and desert, the rhetorical topoi of panegyric literature, and the readability of the built environment as a key factor in mental mapping. In conclusion, it is emphasized that cognitive history provides a productive basis for combining semiotic, spatial and emotional approaches to the study of urban culture, while simultaneously identifying a number of methodological problems. The main one is the difficulty of reconstructing everyday ideas on the basis of textual sources created by the secular elite. The solution to this problem remains for future research.

Key words: cognitive history, St. Petersburg, 18th century, spatial imagination, St. Petersburg text, urban perception, Peter the Great, history of emotions.

Faizullin S.A.

Transformations of external borders Aktanyshsky district of Tatarstan

The article is devoted to the changes in the external boundaries of the Aktanyshsky District of the Republic of Tatarstan from its establishment in 1930 to 2025. Based on a set of archival sources, the process of formation and subsequent transformation of the district’s territory is examined; the key stages of territorial evolution and the reasons that determined these changes are identified. Documents reflecting the transfer of village councils and settlements between neighbouring districts and their subsequent return, as well as the processes of enlargement and reduction of district boundaries, are analysed. The composition of the volosts and councils is presented in separate chronological sections as a characteristic of the stages; the changes that occurred in the internal administrative-territorial structure of the district are not the subject of this study. The work is based on materials from the State Archive of the Republic of Tatarstan, including resolutions of government bodies and zoning plans, which made it possible to reconstruct the evolution of the district’s external borders in chronological sequence. The use of published statistical data made it possible to assess the impact of territorial changes on the size and ethnic composition of the district’s population. It has been established that the territorial growth of the district was accompanied by a reduction in the number of settlements and a more than twofold decrease in the population, while the ethnic structure of the population retained a high level of stability: throughout the entire period, the Tatar population predominated. After the district was restored in 1965, no large-scale administrative and territorial changes were identified.

Key words: Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, Republic of Tatarstan, Aktanysh district, consolidation of districts, disaggregation of districts, administrative-territorial transformations.

Vural Cagatay

Sewn plaques on clothing from scythian burial mounds in the north Caucasus: a sociocultural assessment based on network analysis and combinatorial criteria

This article examines Scythian plaques from the North Caucasus as indicators of status, gender, and social connections. Network analysis has shown that they form distinct patterns (“woman’s set,” “warrior’s set”). The evolution of these plaques reflects the growing wealth of the elite and the Scythian-Caucasian synthesis. They mark class stratification, gender flexibility (Amazons), external contacts, and provincial conservatism, serving as an important historical source.

Key words: North Caucasus, Scythian period, plaques depicting clothing, social status, network analysis.

Chebarev V.V.

Comparative analysis of the activities of the officer artillery school in the early 20th century (1904-1909)

The article, based on the analysis of archival materials, periodicals, and official reports, looks at the evolution of the Officer Artillery School (OAS) over five years of its activity (1904-1909). The aim of the study is to identify the main directions of transformation of the school as a military educational institution. The methodological basis is a comparative-historical analysis using statistical methods. The research examines changes in the quantitative and qualitative composition of the student body, personnel policies, curricula, and living conditions. Special attention is given to the school's shift from the stage of organizational formation to a mature military education system capable of self-assessment through anonymous student surveys. The conclusion is that over the five-year period, the OAS transformed from a captain-level advanced training institution into a mandatory step in the career progression of battery and division commanders.

Key words: Officers' Artillery School, OAS, 1904, 1909, variable personnel, senior officers, training of artillery commanders, military education, comparative analysis.

Rushchenko G.S.

Friends, neutrals, and enemies: semantic content analysis of social categories in the 1902 appeal by anarchist J.W. Machajski

Based on content analysis, the study examines binary oppositions and clusters of epithets in the 1902 appeal in the work of early 20th-century anarchist Jan Wacław Machajski. The analysis of a source representative of the early phase of Makhaevshchina reveals that the central opposition is formed by workers versus intelligentsia (the latter conceived as an exploitative group seeking to monopolize knowledge and “join the elites”). The government and the bourgeoisie occupy a subordinate position in the system of epithets and align with the intelligentsia on the basis of their hostility to the proletariat. Contrary to a widespread historiographical claim, the document contains no call to fight Jewish pogroms; rather, “Jewishness” is used as an ironic epithet for the intelligentsia. The findings contribute to revising oversimplified assessments of Makhaevshchina as primitive anti-intellectualism and demonstrate that Jan Machajski offered a moderately rational critique of “cultural capital”, anticipating later theories of the “new class” and the crucial role of information in post-industrial society.

Key words: Jan Wacław Machajski, Makhaevshchina, anarchy, anarchism, ideology, content analysis, intelligentsia, history of Russia.

Abramov D.M.

The problems of interfaith and intra-church relations in the Russian Northwest and the Baltic region in the first half of the 13th century

In the 13th century, issues concerning the relations between Orthodox and Catholic church communities in different lands and volosts, the subordination of church hierarchies, the issues of church ordination, and the relations between secular and church authority in the Baltic region and in the Russian Northwest were significantly exacerbated and fraught with enormous difficulties. Church disputes between Pskov and Novgorod regarding Pskov’s diocesan independence, the right to elect its own bishop, and to ordain clergy for Pskov parishes without the will of the Novgorod ruler (archbishop) can already be traced back to the first half of the 13th century. Furthermore, the Catholic prelates did not abandon their intentions to engage in missionary work and to convert a significantly larger number of Russians, their Orthodox subjects, and allies–including elders and the common people–to Latin Christianity. Contradictions between the Order of the Sword Brothers and the Bishop of Riga also existed. The conflict between the Guelphs and the Ghibellines, who openly opposed each other in Western and Central Europe, periodically flared up in the Baltic region on the lands being colonized.

Key words: diocese, Orthodoxy, Latin Christianity, Veliky Novgorod, Pskov, the Baltic region, Order of the Sword-Bearers, Bishop of Riga.

Alieva L.V.

Garchu Nadezhda

The regional press and the construction of the image of the enemy: «Pskov Provincial Gazette» during World War I

This article examines the official press of the frontline region from 1914 to 1917 – the publication "Pskovskie Gubernskie Vedomosti". The paper examines how the provincial official press performed a complex communicative task, forced not only to convey imperial ideology but also to respond to complex social processes in the vicinity of the theater of military operations. Within this publication, the imperial narrative was eroded under the pressure of military censorship, the everyday reality of war, and internal destabilizing factors. An analysis of the publication's materials reveals that the rhetoric of the frontline press was distinguished by a combination of official tone and elements of popular journalism. Publications in the early period of the war actively used mobilization appeals, creating the image of a united people confronting an external enemy. Through essays, letters from the front, and reports on charity collections, the newspaper constructed a unified picture of national unity in the face of a common threat, playing a key role in maintaining patriotic spirit and mobilizing rear resources. However, as the war dragged on and social contradictions grew (1916–1917), the newspaper's rhetoric grew increasingly alarmed, reflecting public sentiment.

Key words: information warfare, image of the enemy, Pskov Governorate, influence of information, public consciousness, Russian Empire, periodical press, Vedomosti.

Bobrovsky I.A.

On the issue of formation of special-purpose units on the territory of the Voronezh Gubernia during the Civil War

The article is devoted to one aspect of the history of the Civil Wars, namely, the formation of special purpose units (ChON) in the Voronezh Governorate. Based on archival materials, the principles of recruitment, the management structure, party and military control, and the mobilization specifics of the provincial special purpose units are analysed. The role of the Voronezh detachments in the battles against A. I. Denikin’s units and the maintenance of Soviet power in the Voronezh Governorate is also reflected. It is noted that the CHON was a hybrid military political structure that combined army discipline with party mobilization, which made it possible to respond promptly to threats in the front line zone.

Key words: Civil War, special purpose units, CHON, Voronezh Governorate, party mobilization, Special Purpose Detachments.

Lukyanchenko E.E.

Voloshin G.R.

Unanyan G.A.

Kostin K.N.

Petrov N.Yu.

Why the Olympic games remain the main sporting event in the world

The article examines the historical context that turns the Games into an arena of peaceful geopolitical rivalry, where modern states continue the traditions of the ancient Greek ekeheiriyah – sacred truce, and national Olympic committees use competitions to assert their sovereignty in the international arena. The social significance of the event lies in its unique ability to unite humanity around the universal values of fair struggle and self-overcoming: broadcasts of competitions attract an audience of billions, erasing linguistic and cultural barriers, and development programs through sports contribute to the involvement of young people from different countries in a healthy lifestyle. Finally, the media component has evolved from simple broadcasting to the creation of a global reality show using digital platforms, interactive broadcasts and augmented reality technologies, which allows the IOC to attract a young audience and generate huge revenues from the sale of rights necessary to support athletes around the world. It is the synergy of these three components that provides the Olympics with an unsurpassed capitalization of audience attention and the status of the main sports phenomenon of our time.

Key words: Olympic Games, Olympism, sports, international cooperation, culture, media.

Gorkush S.V.

Klimochkina A.Yu.

Mysheva A.A.

Databases on genocide victims as a historical source of the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945)

The formation of an objective picture of the atrocities committed by the Nazis is impossible without a deep and comprehensive study of historical sources that document the tragedy of the civilian population during the Great Patriotic War. These documents, which serve as evidence of the crimes committed and contain a unique and legally significant array of information, are crucial for implementing state policies aimed at commemorating the victims and restoring historical justice. The study of such documents requires a comprehensive approach and a detailed analysis of all aspects. This is what this article will focus on.

Key words: databases, historical source, war, genocide, documents on crime victims, Nazi atrocities, historical memory.

Kirillova A.I.

Whaling and marine mammal hunting in the Okhotsk-Kamchatka region at the beginning of the 20th century: in whose hands was it concentrated?

Author analyzes the memoirs of journalists and travelers, scientific reports and published official’s reports in the beginning of the 20-th century. The purpose of analysis is determination the role of foreign capital in the marine mammal and whaling industries in the Okhotsk-Kamchatka Krai. Also article describes the difficulties industries development, problems of poaching. Three main trends in the development of whaling and marine mammal hunting in the 1900s–1920s in the Far Northeast of Russia are identified.

Key words: Kamchatka, Okhotsk-Kamchatka Krai, marine mammal hunting, indigenous peoples, traditional livelihoods, whaling.

Larina F.Sh.

The introducing of artificial intelligence (AI) in the history of military diplomacy

The article discusses current trends concerning the formation of power distribution on the geopolitical map. The role of domestic military diplomacy is being explored, as well as the digital revolution associated with the introduction of artificial intelligence (AI) systems into military technology. Emphasis is placed on avoiding an arms race in the use of AI systems in original disruptive technologies, as this risks instability and chaos in the geopolitical landscape. The theoretical and practical aspects of game theory are analyzed, which can be applied in the sphere of military diplomacy for the most productive international cooperation and evolution of the structure of international relations. The novelty of the topic is justified by the fact that there are no studies in the scientific sphere concerning ways of implementing an artificial intelligence system created using the provisions of game theory. Game theory allows the analysis of strategies for the behavior of participants in military-diplomatic relations in conflict situations. The paper examines trends in modern international relations, characterized by an increasing arms race in the field of new technologies. And the uncontrolled introduction of AI into modern military technology, which carries the risk that, in case of error, there is no international legal framework to hold those responsible accountable.

Key words: history of military diplomacy, diplomatic negotiations, international liability, diplomatic protocol, artificial intelligence (AI), game theory, arms race, cyberspace, the concept of "responsibility to protect".

Levashov O.E.

Restoration and modernization of the radio system of the Kursk region in 1946–1965

The article examines the recovery and modernization of the wired radio broadcasting system in the Kursk Region between 1946 and 1965. Its purpose is to identify the stages, mechanisms, and constraints that shaped the development of the regional radio distribution infrastructure after the Second World War. The source base includes records from the State Archive of the Kursk Region and the State Archive of the Russian Federation, central and regional periodicals, and scholarly works on the history of communications, industry, agriculture, and railway transport. The study combines the problem-chronological, historical-genetic, and comparative methods. Quantitative evidence is interpreted with regard to the administrative origin of reporting documents and the 1954 change in the borders of the Kursk Region. The analysis identifies three successive stages: post-war reconstruction; large-scale extension of urban and rural wired broadcasting; and a gradual shift from extensive growth in the number of radio outlets to increased transmitter capacity, network reliability, and service quality. Modernization depended on centralized planning and allocation of equipment, but also on local budgets, collective-farm funds, and mobilized labour. Persistent constraints included shortages of materials and vehicles, unstable electricity supply, lack of skilled personnel, overlapping administrative responsibilities, and construction without complete design documentation. By the mid-1960s, the network was approaching territorial saturation, making qualitative modernization increasingly important.

Key words: Kursk Region, radio broadcasting, wired radio broadcasting, radio center, radio broadcasting network, USSR Ministry of Communications, post-war restoration, modernization.

Morozov A.S.

State regulation of the labor market in conditions of personnel shortage: the experience of Soviet Russia in the 1920s on the example of the Eastern suburbs

The article examines the experience of state regulation of the labor market in Soviet Russia in the 1920s under conditions of acute personnel shortage. Using the example of the eastern Moscow region – a major industrial center – the author analyzes the causes of labor shortage caused by World War I and the Civil War, the destruction of industry, the emigration of qualified specialists, and the mass outflow of workers to rural areas. The article studies the state's attempts to overcome the crisis through the system of labor mobilizations of the War Communism period and the mechanisms of labor market regulation during the NEP era, including the creation of labor exchanges and the organization of public works. Based on archival materials (State Archive of the Russian Federation) and statistical data, the inefficiency of the initial measures is demonstrated, manifested in a systemic management crisis, weak coordination, and low employment rates. Special attention is paid to the revival of the otkhodnichestvo system under state control as a mechanism for organized recruitment of workers, as well as to the processes of labor feminization and the use of artel forms of organization. The article traces the dynamics of restoring the personnel composition of textile enterprises in the region by the mid-1920s and the transition to administrative methods of labor redistribution during the period of forced industrialization. It is concluded that solving the problem of personnel provision under conditions of deep socio-economic crisis cannot be achieved by market or administrative methods alone, but requires an integrated approach combining economic policy, institutional development, and labor market regulation methods. The historical experience of the 1920s remains relevant for understanding contemporary challenges in the sphere of employment.

Key words: labor market, personnel shortage, state regulation, Soviet Russia, 1920s, eastern Moscow region, labor exchange, otkhodnichestvo (seasonal labor migration), labor mobilization, NEP, unemployment, industrialization, industrial resettlement, feminization of labor, artel.

Nagaeva G.A.

The tavern trade in the Russian provinces in the late 19th and early 20th centuries (a case study of the port city of Novorossiysk)

The article presents an analysis of the development of the tavern trade in the provincial port city of Novorossiysk. A comparative analysis of various categories of establishments within this type of business is presented. The study also provides a brief overview of the evolution of Russian legislation regarding taverns from 1719 to 1893. The author draws upon data from official reference works, archival documents, and periodicals from the period under study as the source base. The paper concludes with an analysis of the specific features of the development of the tavern business in Russia in general and in Novorossiysk in particular.

Key words: Novorossiysk, tavern establishments, tavern business, Herberg, hotel, restaurant, entrepreneurship.

Authors

Abramov D.M., Candidate of Cultural Studies (Historical Sciences), Associate Professor, Director of the Educational and Research Center for Regional History, Local History, and Moscow Studies. Institute for History and Archives, Russian State University for the Humanities, Moscow.

Absalyamova L.F., Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor, Faculty of Education. Sibay Institute (Branch) of Ufa University of Science and Technology.

Akhtarova Z.A., Independent researcher. Ufa University of Science and Technology, Ufa.

Alieva L.V., PhD in History, Associate Professor, Pskov State University; Associate Professor, Department of Russian and World History, Faculty of History, Institute of Humanities and Language Communications, Pskov.

Amitrova M.V., Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor, Professor of the Moscow Higher Combined Arms Command School. SPIN-code: 3817-5480 / ORCID: 0000-0002-7272-1224

Ashrafzoda B.P., Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of English Language, Faculty of Oriental Languages, SEI “Khujand State University named after academician Bobojon Gafurov”, Tajikistan Republic, Khujand-city.

Baiturina Yu.M., 3rd-year student, Faculty of Education. Sibay Institute (Branch) of Ufa University of Science and Technology.

Bazhutova M.A., Master’s student, Faculty of Foreign Languages, National Research Mordovia State University.

Bobrovsky I.A., Senior Lecturer, Department of Civil Defense, Economics, and Public Administration, Voronezh Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, Voronezh.

Chebarev V.V., Deputy Head of the Faculty (Artillery), Degree Candidate. Mikhailovskaya Military Artillery Academy, St. Petersburg.

Chubarova Yu.E., Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Speech Theory and Translation, National Research Mordovia State University.

Dedyukhin V.S., Graduate student at the Faculty of Economics and Management, Southwest State University, Kursk.

Dolgushina P.S., Student. P.P. Ershov Ishim Pedagogical Institute (Branch) of Tyumen State University, Ishim.

Faizullin S.A., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Senior Researcher, Institute of Tatar Encyclopedia and Regional Studies named after M. Khasanov, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan, Kazan.

Garchu Nadezhda, Master's student, Faculty of History, Institute of Humanities and Language Communications, Pskov State University; History teacher, Secondary School No. 306, St. Petersburg.

Gareeva G.N., Doctor of Philology, Associate Professor, Professor of the Ufa University of Science and Technology, Ufa. SPIN-code: 9864-4231

Gerasimov M.S., Postgraduate student Saratov State University, Institute of History and International Relations, Saratov.

Gorkush S.V., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of History and Documentation Science, Russian Technological University.

Hu Siyuan, Undergraduate. Northwest Normal University.

Iskhakova R.R., Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor, Faculty of Education. Sibay Institute (Branch) of Ufa University of Science and Technology.

Ivanova M.E., Senior Lecturer, Department of Foreign Languages No. 2. Russian Economic University named after G.V. Plekhanov.

Kaun S.B., Senior Lecturer, Department of Source Studies, Faculty of History, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Republic of Belarus.

Kirillova A.I., PhD in History, Associate Professor, Department of History and Philosophy, Vitus Bering Kamchatka State University, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.

Klimochkina A.Yu., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of History and Documentation Science, Russian Technological University.

Kostin K.N., Lecturer, Department of Sports, Far Eastern State Academy of Physical Culture, Khabarovsk.

Larina F.Sh., PhD in Law, Associate Professor, Department of International Security, Department of Political Science and Law, Russian State Humanitarian University, State University of Education.

Levashov O.E., Postgraduate student, Department of Constitutional Law, Southwestern State University, Southwestern State University, Kursk. ORCID: 0009-0007-3855-9538 / ResearcherID Web of Science: LSJ-3254-2024

Li Li, Doctor of Philology. Northwest Normal University.

Lin Huangye, Master's degree. Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University.

Lozovaya A.M., Postgraduate Student. Russian State University for the Humanities.

Lukyanchenko E.E., Senior Lecturer, Department of Economics and Transport, Far Eastern State Academy of Physical Culture, Khabarovsk.

Minakova I.V., Doctor of Economics, Professor, Head of the International Relations Department, Kursk State Agrarian University named after I.I. Ivanov.

Mirzoeva P.V., S. Ulugzoda Tajik International University of Foreign Languages, Candidate for an Academic Degree, Department of English Philology, Republic of Tajikistan, Dushanbe.

Morozov A.S., 3rd year aspirant, Faculty of History, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia.

Mysheva A.A., Teaching Assistant, Department of History and Documentation Science, Russian Technological University.

Naboka D.Yu., Student, Faculty of Economics and Management, Belarusian State Economic University, Minsk, Republic of Belarus.

Nagaeva G.A., PhD in History, Associate Professor, Department of Engineering Disciplines and Management, Novorossiysk Polytechnic Institute (branch) of the Kuban State Technological University, Novorossiysk.

Ngo Xuan Bien, Candidate of Philological Sciences, Lecturer at the Department of Russian Language, Institute of Foreign Languages, Hue University. Hue, Vietnam.

Orlova T.A., Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor at Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration

Oqilova H.A., Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Persian and Chinese Languages, Faculty of Oriental Languages, SEI “Khujand State University named after academician Bobojon Gafurov”, Tajikistan Republic, Khujand.

Pavenkov V.G., Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor at the Department of National History, Political Science, and Sociology. Admiral Makarov State University of Maritime and Inland Shipping.

Penkovskaia I.I., Applicant for PhD in Philology. Moscow State Linguistic University; Synergy University.

Petrov N.Yu., Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor, Volgograd State Academy of Physical Culture, Volgograd.

Rezepova N.V., Associate Professor, Department of Russian and Foreign Languages, Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography; Sergo Ordzhonikidze Russian State Geological Prospecting University.

Rubtsova A.V., Postgraduate Student. St. Petersburg State Institute of Film and Television.

Rubtsova M.V., Doctor of Sociological Sciences, Professor at the Department of National History, Political Science, and Sociology. Admiral Makarov State University of Maritime and Inland Shipping.

Rushchenko G.S., Institute of History and International Relations, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don. ORCID: 0009-0000-3079-2510

Sadovnikova I.I., Candidate of Philological Sciences, Junior Researcher. Institute of Humanitarian Studies and Problems of Indigenous Peoples of the North SB RAS, Yakutsk, Republic of Sakha Yakutia. SPIN-code: 7665-0570

Salavatova F.R., Candidate of Philology, Associate Professor. Ufa University of Science and Technology, Ufa. SPIN-code: 1354-5164

Schmidt A.K., Postgraduate student. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod (National Research University). ORCID: 0009-0007-7247-7405

Shostak V.A., Student. P.P. Ershov Ishim Pedagogical Institute (Branch) of Tyumen State University, Ishim.

Sinegubov S.N., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, P.P. Ershov Ishim Pedagogical Institute (Branch) of Tyumen State University, Ishim.

Sorokin N.O., Third-year postgraduate student, research assistant at the Department of China, Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IOS RAS), Moscow.

Tkach E.E., Degree Applicant, Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia, St. Petersburg.

Unanyan G.A., Fourth-year student, Far Eastern State Academy of Physical Culture, Khabarovsk.

Uporov I.V., Doctor of Historical Sciences, Candidate of Legal Sciences, Professor. Russian Academy of Natural History, Krasnodar.

Usmonova M.N., Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Methods of Teaching of Foreign Languages, Faculty of Foreign languages, SEI “Khujаnd Stаte University nаmed аfter аcаdemiciаn Bobojon Gаfurоv”, Tаjikistаn Republic, Khujаnd. ORCID: 0009-0001-9453-3830

Usmonova M.N., Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Translation and English Grammar, Faculty of Foreign languages, SEI “Khujаnd Stаte University nаmed аfter аcаdemiciаn Bobojon Gаfurоv”, Tаjikistаn Republic, Khujаnd. ORCID: 0009-0001-9453-3830

Vadzhibov M.D., Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor at the Department of Methodology of Teaching Russian Language and Literature, Dagestan State University, Makhachkala. SPIN-code: 8032-4534 / ORCID: 0009-0002-6450-0357

Vekhova E.A., Candidate of Cultural Studies, Associate Professor at the Department of Speech Theory and Translation. N.P. Ogarev Mordovia State University.

Voloshin G.R., Lecturer, Department of Sports, Far Eastern State Academy of Physical Culture, Khabarovsk.

Vural Cagatay, Postgraduate student in the Department of History, State Academic University for the Humanities under the Government of the Russian Federation; Junior Research Fellow in the Department of Humanities and Literature, Ardahan University, Turkey.

Vural Müjgan, PhD student at the Faculty of History, State Academic University of Humanities under the Government of the Russian Federation.

Yusupova M.A., Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Linguistics and Comparative Typology, Faculty of Foreign Languages, SEI “Khujand State University named after academician Bobojon Gafurov”, Tajikistan Republic, Khujand.

Navigation

Search

Current issue

Our books

The Power Of History – The History Of Power. Volume 12. Issue 6. № 72. 2026